Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-v9fdk Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-05T04:23:55.141Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Manifestations of Nationalism in the Baltic Republics

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 November 2018

Silvia P. Forgus
Silvia P. Forgus*
Affiliation:
Appalachian State University
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Extract

The occupation of the Baltic States by the Soviet Union in 1940 failed to extinguish feelings of nationalism and patriotism among the native Estonian, Latvian, and Lithuanian peoples; on the contrary, foreign occupation strengthened their national spirit. Dwelling on the successes and memories of their former independence, Estonian, Latvian, and Lithuanian nationalists continue to denounce the Soviet occupation and resist the policies of communization and Russification practiced by the Soviet regime.

Type
Articles
Information
Nationalities Papers , Volume 7 , Issue 2 , FALL 1979 , pp. 197 - 211
Copyright
Copyright © Association for the Study of Nationalities, 1979 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Notes

1. Talpak, Karl, “Eesti metsavendlus 1941 aastal [Estonian forest fraternalism in the year 1941],” Eesti riik ja rahvas teises maailmasojas (Estonian state and nation in the Second World War) 10 vols. (Stockholm: Kirjastus EMP, 1957), 4:21.Google Scholar

2. Aibast, E., “Padise metsavennad [Forest Brethren of Padise],” ibid., 5:15.Google Scholar

3. Aasoja, V., “Partisanisöda Pöhja-Eesti punatagalas [Partisan warfare in the Red Army rear in northern Estonia],” ibid., 5:175-76.Google Scholar

4. Aun, Karl, “Tartu vabastamise lahing [The battle of Tartu liberation],” ibid., 4:41–49; Aleksander Keskel, “Tartu vabastamise lahing [The liberation battle of Tartu],” ibid., 4:50-66; Aleksander Rannik, “Tartu vabastamise v⊖itlustes [In the liberation battles of Tartu],” ibid., 4:67-74.Google Scholar

5. Eesti rahva kannatuste aasta koguteos (The years of Estonian nation's suffering) 2 vols. (Tallinn: Eesti Kirjastus, 1943), 1:337-50.Google Scholar

6. Estonia the Forgotten Nation (Toronto: Estonian Central Council in Canada, 1961), p. 37.Google Scholar

7. Ibid., pp. 39, 40.Google Scholar

8. Maasing, Richard, ed., Eesti Saatusaastad 1945–1969 (Estonia's fatal years, 1945–1969) 6 vols. (Stockholm: Kirjastus EMP), 2:66–75.Google Scholar

9. Ibid., p. 74.Google Scholar

10. Ibid., p. 73.Google Scholar

11. Šilde, A., Resistance Movement in Latvia (Stockholm: Latvian National Foundation, 1972), p. 8.Google Scholar

12. Ibid., p. 21.Google Scholar

13. Daumantas, Juozas, Fighters for Freedom (New York: Manyland Books, 1975), pp. 27, 32, 33.Google Scholar

14. Ibid., pp. 71, 72, 88.Google Scholar

15. Šilde, , Resistance Movement, pp. 52, 53.Google Scholar

16. Ibid., p. 50.Google Scholar

17. Ibid., pp. 50, 51.Google Scholar

18. Ibid., p. 51.Google Scholar

19. Ibid., pp. 51, 52.Google Scholar

20. Baltic Events, April 1974, no. 2, pp. 2, 7.Google Scholar

21. The text of the letter was first summarized in 30 January, 1972, issue of the Swedish newspaper Dagens Nyheter (Daily News). See also George Saunders, ed., Samizdat: Voices of the Soviet Opposition (New York: Pathfinder Press, Inc., 1974), p. 427.Google Scholar

22. Šilde, , Resistance Movement, pp. 36, 37.Google Scholar

23. Ibid., p. 43.Google Scholar

24. Parming, Tönu, “Contrasts in Nationalism in the Soviet Baltic” (paper presented at the Fifteenth Annual Southern Conference on Slavic Studies, October 21-23, 1976, University of Virginia, Charlottesville), p. 11.Google Scholar

25. Ibid. Google Scholar

26. Eesti rahva, 2:238-41.Google Scholar

27. Estonian Events no. 34 (October 1972), p. 2.Google Scholar

28. Sang, Joel, “Keelenduse teine noorus [The second youth of philology]” in Keel ja kirjandus (Language and Literature), vol. 20 (1977), no. 2, p. 13.Google Scholar

29. The article was not included in the Russian edition of the newspaper, Estonian Communist.Google Scholar

30. Baltic Events, December 1974, no. 6, p. 5.Google Scholar

31. Sang, , “Keelenduse teine noorus,” p. 114.Google Scholar

32. Baltic Events, August, 1974, no. 4, p. 3.Google Scholar

33. Taagepera, Rein, “Dissimilarities Among the Northwestern Soviet Republics,” (paper presented at the Third Conference on Baltic Studies, in Toronto, May 11-14, 1972), p. 5.Google Scholar

34. Ibid., p. 9.Google Scholar

35. Baltic Events, April 1973, no. 2, p. 8.Google Scholar

36. Mickiewicz, Ellen, “Regional Variation in Female Recruitment and Advancement in the Communist Party of the Soviet Union,” Slavic Review, 34, no. 3 (Sept. 1977), pp. 441, 452. Lenin predicted that imposters and careerists would attach themselves to the Party.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

37. Forgus, Silvia, “Estonian Nationalism and Primary Education 1860–1905” ( University of Illinois, 1974), p. 21.Google Scholar

38. Parming, , “Contrasts in Nationalism,” p. 17.Google Scholar

39. Baltic Events, October 1974), pp. 1–8. Existence of the Estonian National Front was reported in May 1972 in the “Chronicle of Current Events.” The program of ENF was published in the Eesti Demokraat (Estonian Democrat), 1972. Baltic Events, October 1974, p. 1.Google Scholar

40. Parming, , “Contrasts in Nationalism,” p. 12.Google Scholar

41. Ibid., p. 14.Google Scholar

42. Teataja, (Stockholm) 28 March, 1975.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

43. Parming, , “Contrasts in Nationalism,” p. 16.Google Scholar

44. Lituanus, 18 (1972), no. 3, pp. 7–12.Google Scholar

45. Katz, Zev, ed., Handbook of Major Soviet Nationalities (New York: Free Press, 1975) p. 137.Google Scholar

46. Šilde, Resistance Movement, p. 24.Google Scholar

47. Parming, , “Contrasts in Nationalism,” p. 18.Google Scholar

48. Ibid., p. 2.Google Scholar

49. Lituanus, 18 (1972), no. 4, p. 70.Google Scholar

50. Parming, , “Contrasts in Nationalism,” p. 2.Google Scholar

51. Ibid., p. 3.Google Scholar

52. Ibid., p. 4.Google Scholar

53. Lituanus, 18 (1972), no. 4, pp. 69, 70.Google Scholar

54. Ibid., 20 (1974), no. 4, pp. 63, 64.Google Scholar

55. Parming, , “Contrasts in Nationalism,” p. 4.Google Scholar

56. Lituanus, 20 (1974), no. 4, pp. 64, 65.Google Scholar

57. Ibid., no. 3, pp. 74, 75.Google Scholar

58. Parming, , “Contrasts in Nationalism,” p. 5.Google Scholar

59. Lituanus, 20 (1974), no. 4, pp. 65–68.Google Scholar

60. Parming, , “Contrasts in Nationalism,” p. 5.Google Scholar

61. Baltic Events, February 1974, no. 1, p. 1.Google Scholar

62. Ibid., December 1974, no. 2, p. 6.Google Scholar

63. Ibid., December 1973, no. 6, p. 2.Google Scholar

64. Ibid., August 1974, no. 4, p. 6.Google Scholar

65. Šilde, , Resistance Movement, p. 29.Google Scholar

66. Laiks (Time) November, 1974.Google Scholar

67. Baltic Events, December 1973, no. 6, p. 2.Google Scholar

68. Ibid., December 1974, no. 6, p. 3.Google Scholar

69. Ibid., October 1973, no. 5, p. 3.Google Scholar

70. Forgus, , “Estonian Nationalism,” passim.Google Scholar

71. Parming, , “Contrasts in Nationalism,” p. 22.Google Scholar

72. Ibid., p. 17.Google Scholar

73. Taagepera, , “Dissimilarities,” p. 8.Google Scholar