Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-rcrh6 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-22T20:10:29.509Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Kosovo's Gordian knot: the contested north and the search for a solution

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 November 2018

Janine Natalya Clark*
Affiliation:
Department of Politics, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
*

Abstract

Until 1999, Kosovo was a little-known province of Serbia. NATO's intervention, however, changed this. Suddenly, everyone was talking about Kosovo and the plight of the Kosovo Albanians. Today, Kosovo is no longer a major talking point; few authors are now writing about post-independence Kosovo and the many challenges that confront the young state. Particularly striking is the relative absence of scholarly writings that discuss the Gordian knot of northern Kosovo. Seeking to rectify this neglect, this article has three core aims: to provide new empirical insights into the situation on the ground in northern Kosovo, to explore Serb and Albanian viewpoints regarding the status of the north (and in particular to examine Serb fears and concerns) and to discuss possible solutions. It argues that granting the north a special, autonomous status within Kosovo is the ultimate way to resolve the “northern problem,” and indeed this now seems the most likely solution following the recent conclusion of the First Agreement on Principles Governing the Normalization of Relations. This research is based on five weeks of fieldwork in Kosovo in July and August 2012. During this time, the author conducted 56 semi-structured interviews, 29 of which took place in northern Kosovo.

Type
Articles
Copyright
Copyright © 2014 Association for the Study of Nationalities 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Bellamy, Alex. 2006. “Whither the Responsibility to Protect? Humanitarian Intervention and the 2005 World Summit.” Ethics and International Affairs 20 (2): 143169. doi:10.1111/j.17477093. 2006.00012.x.Google Scholar
Bellamy, Alex. 2009. The Responsibility to Protect: The Global Effort to End Mass Atrocities. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Booth, Ken, ed. 2001. The Kosovo Tragedy: The Human Rights Dimensions. London: Frank Cass.Google Scholar
Boyle, Michael J., 2014. Violence After War: Explaining Instability in Post-Conflict States. Baltimore, MD: John Hopkins University Press.Google Scholar
Brajshori, Muhamet and Jovanovic, Ivana. 2013. “Historic Agreement Could Pave Way for Kosovo and Serbia”. Accessed April 20, 2013. http://www.setimes.com/cocoon/setimes/xhtml/en_GB/features/2013/04/20/feature-01 Google Scholar
Brand, Judith and Idrizi, Valdete. 2012. Grass-Root Approaches to Inter-Ethnic Reconciliation in the Northern Part of Kosovo. Prishtinë: Kosovar Institute for Policy Research and Development. Policy Paper Series No. 3/12. Accessed August 5, 2012. http://www.kipred.org/advCms/documents/65788_Grassroots_approaches_to_inter-ethnic_reconciliation_in_northern_Kosovo.pdf Google Scholar
BTI (Bertelsmann Stiftung's Transformation Index). 2012. “BTI 2012: Kosovo Country Report”. Accessed November 8, 2012. http://www.bti-project.de/fileadmin/Inhalte/reports/2012/pdf/BTI%202012%20Kosovo.pdf Google Scholar
Buchanan, Allen. 1997. “Theories of Secession.” Philosophy and Public Affairs 26 (1): 3161. doi:10.1111/j.l088-4963.1997.tb00049.x.Google Scholar
Bugajski, Janusz. February 2008. “Kosovo's Independence: Practicalities, Precedents and Power Politics.” Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces, 105114. Accessed September 30, 2012. http://www.isn.ethz.ch/Digital-Library/Publications/Detail/?ots591=0c54e3b3-1e9c-be1e-2c24-a6a8c7060233&lng=en&id=54294 Google Scholar
Campbell, Greg. 2000. The Road to Kosovo: A Balkan Diary. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.Google Scholar
Catala, Amandine. 2013. “Remedial Theories of Secession and Territorial Justification.” Journal of Social Philosophy 44 (1): 7494. doi:10.1111/josp.12011.Google Scholar
Chandler, David. 2002. From Kosovo to Kabul: Human Rights and International Intervention. London: Pluto Press.Google Scholar
Chomsky, Noam. 1999. The New Military Humanism: Lessons from Kosovo. London: Pluto Press.Google Scholar
Clark, Janine Natalya. 2010. “National Unity and Reconciliation in Rwanda: A Flawed Approach?Journal of Contemporary African Studies 28 (2): 137154. doi: 10.1080/02589001003736793.Google Scholar
Coppieters, Bruno. February 2008. “The Recognition of Kosovo: Exceptional but not Unique”. Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces, 96104. Accessed July 11, 2012. http://www.isn.ethz.ch/Digital-Library/Publications/Detail/?ots591=0c54e3b3-1e9c-be1e-2c24-a6a8c7060233&lng=en&id=54293 Google Scholar
Daalder, Ivo H. and O'Hanlon, Michael E. 2000. Winning Ugly: NATO's War to Win Kosovo. Washington, DC: Brookings Institute.Google Scholar
Deda, Ilir and Qosaj-Mustafa, Ariana. 2013. The Implementation of Agreements of Kosovo-Serbia Political Dialogue. Prishtinë: Kosovar Institute for Policy Research and Development. Policy Paper Series No. 4/13. Accessed August 1, 2013. http://www.kipred.org/advCms/documents/22356_The_Implementation_of_Agreements_of_Political_Dialogue.pdf Google Scholar
De Villiers, Bertus. 2012. “Secession – The Last Resort for Minority Protection.Journal of Asian and African Studies 48 (1): 8196. doi:10.1177/0021909612439684.Google Scholar
Dietrich, Frank. 2010. “The Status of Kosovo – Reflections on the Legitimacy of Secession.Ethics and Global Politics 3 (2): 123142. doi:10.3402/egp.v3i2.1983.Google Scholar
Economides, Spyros. 2011. “The Making of a Failed State: The Case of Kosovo.European View 10 (2): 195200. doi:10.1007/s12290-011-0182-2.Google Scholar
European External Action Service. 2013. “Serbia and Kosovo Reach Landmark Deal”. Accessed August 7, 2013. http://eeas.europa.eu/top_stories/2013/190413_eu-facilitated_dialogue_en.htm Google Scholar
Hammond, Philip and Herman, Edward S., eds. 2000. Degraded Capability: The Media and the Kosovo Crisis. London: Pluto Press.Google Scholar
Hannum, Hurst. 2011. “The Advisory Opinion on Kosovo: An Opportunity Lost or a Poisoned Chalice Refused?Leiden Journal of International Law 24 (1): 155161. doi:0.1017/S092215651000066X.Google Scholar
Helsinki Committee for Human Rights in Serbia. 2012. Serb Community in Kosovo. Accessed October 4, 2012. http://www.helsinki.org.rs/doc/Serb%20Community%20in%20Kosovo.pdf Google Scholar
Hume, Mick. 2000. “Nazifying the Serbs, from Bosnia to Kosovo.” In Degraded Capability: The Media and the Kosovo Crisis, edited by Philip Hammond and Edward S. Herman, 7078. London: Pluto Press.Google Scholar
ICG (International Crisis Group). 2004. Collapse in Kosovo. ICG Europe Report No. 155. Accessed April 22, 2004. http://www.crisisgroup.org/~/media/Files/europe/155_collapse_in_kosovo_revised Google Scholar
ICG. 2012. Setting Kosovo Free: Remaining Challenges. Europe Report No. 218. Accessed September 10, 2012. http://www.crisisgroup.org/~/media/Files/europe/balkans/kosovo/218-setting-kosovo-free-remaining-challenges Google Scholar
Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre. 2012. Kosovo: Durable Solutions Still Elusive 13 Years after Conflict. Accessed October 10, 2012. http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/kosovo-overview-oct2012.pdf Google Scholar
Judah, Tim. 2002. Kosovo: War and Revenge. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Judah, Tim. 2008. Kosovo: What Everyone Needs to Know. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Ker-Lindsay, James. 2009. Kosovo: The Path to Contested Statehood. London: I.B. Tauris.Google Scholar
Kuperman, Alan. 2008. “The Moral Hazard of Humanitarian Intervention: Lessons from the Balkans.” International Studies Quarterly 52 (1): 4980. doi:10.1111/j.l468-2478.2007.00491.x.Google Scholar
Lehne, Stefan. 2012. Kosovo and Serbia: Toward a Normal Relationship. Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, Policy Outlook. Accessed October 9, 2012. http://carnegieendowment.org/files/Kosovo_and_Serbia.pdf Google Scholar
Lehning, Percy B., 1998. “Theories of Secession: An Introduction.” In Theories of Secession, edited by Percy B. Lehning, 111. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
MacShane, Denis. 2011. Why Kosovo Still Matters. London: Haus.Google Scholar
Malcolm, Noel. 1998. Kosovo: A Short History. London: Macmillan.Google Scholar
Marty, Dick. 2010. Inhuman Treatment of People and Illicit Trafficking in Human Organs in Kosovo. AS/Jur (2010) 46. Accessed October 15, 2012. http://www.assembly.coe.int/CommitteeDocs/2010/ajdoc462010prov.pdf Google Scholar
Mertus, Julie A., 1999. Kosovo: How Myths and Truths Started a War. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Moore, Margaret. 2000. “The Ethics of Secession and a Normative Theory of Nationalism.” Canadian Journal of Law and Jurisprudence XIII (2): 225250.Google Scholar
Nikolić, Tomislav. 2012. “Speech of the President of the Republic of Serbia Tomislav Nikolic at the United Nations”. Accessed September 25, 2012. http://www.presednik.rs/en/node/263 Google Scholar
OSCE (Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe). 2010a. Kosovo Communities Profiles: 2010 – Kosovo Albanians. Accessed September 30, 2013. http://www.osce.org/kosovo/75450 Google Scholar
OSCE. 2010b. Kosovo Communities Profiles: 2010Kosovo Serbs. Accessed September 30, 2013. http://www.osce.org/kosovo/75450 Google Scholar
OSCE. 2011. Municipal Responses to Security Incidents Affecting Communities in Kosovo and the Role of Municipal Safety Councils. Accessed November 3, 2012. http://www.osce.org/kosovo/86766 Google Scholar
Pavković, Aleksandar. 2000. “Recursive Secessions in Former Yugoslavia: Too Hard a Case for Theories of Secession?” Political Studies 48 (3): 485502. doi:10.1111/1467-9248.00271.Google Scholar
Peters, Anne. 2011. “Does Kosovo Lie in the Lotus-Land of Freedom?” Leiden Journal of International Law 24 (1): 95108. doi:10.1017/S0922156510000622.Google Scholar
Petersen, Roger D., 2011. Western Intervention in the Balkans: The Strategic Use of Emotion in Conflict. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Pettifer, James and Vickers, Miranda. 2007. The Albanian Question: Reshaping the Balkans. London: I.B. Tauris.Google Scholar
Pokalova, Elena. 2010. “Framing Separatism as Terrorism: Lessons from Kosovo.” Studies in Conflict and Terrorism 33 (5): 429447. doi:10.1080/10576101003691564.Google Scholar
Proksik, Joschka J., 2013. “Organized Crime and the Dilemmas of Democratic Peace-Building in Kosovo.” International Peacekeeping 20 (3): 280298. doi:10.1080/13533312.2013.838396.Google Scholar
SManalysis. 2012. “Presevo Valley Seeks Political Autonomy”. Accessed March 19, 2012. http://smarkos/blogspot.co.uk/2012/03/presevo-valley-seeks-political-autonomy.html Google Scholar
Stegherr, Marc. 2011. “Crisis in Northern Kosovo: Serbia between Kosovo and European Integration.” Revista Transilvană de Stiinte ale Comunicării 3 (14): 116131.Google Scholar
Thakur, Ramesh. 2011. The Responsibility to Protect: Norms, Laws and the Use of Force in International Politics. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
UNDP (United Nations Development Programme). 2011. Mitrovicë/a Public Opinion Survey – March 2011. Accessed November 3, 2012. http://www.kosovo.undp.org/repository/docs/Final-ENG-Mitrovica-Opinion-Poll.pdf Google Scholar
United Nations Security Council. 2012. Report of the Secretary-General on the United Nations Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo. S/2012/603. Accessed August 3, 2012. http://www.unmikonline.org/SGReports/S-2012-603.pdf Google Scholar
Vickers, Miranda. 1998. Between Serb and Albanian: A History of Kosovo. London: Hurst.Google Scholar
Waller, Michael, Kyril, Drezov and Gökay, Bülent, eds. 2001. Kosovo: The Politics of Delusion. London: Frank Cass.Google Scholar
Woehrel, Stephen. 2013. Kosovo: Current Issues and U.S. Policy. Congressional Research Service. Accessed May 7, 2013. http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RS21721.pdf Google Scholar