Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-2plfb Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-24T23:04:31.666Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

The Intersection of Gender, Ethnicity and Islam in Soviet and Post-Soviet Azerbaijan*

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 November 2018

Nayereh Tohidi
Nayereh Tohidi*
Affiliation:
University of California, Los Angeles, USA
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Extract

How do I define Azerbaijani women's identity? This is very complicated, because we have been influenced by Russia, Iran, Turkey, the Caucasus and Islam … Every day we have to wear different masks and juggle multiple identities. You cannot find a single or typical Azeri female identity. You cannot generalize any type to the whole population of Azeri women since we vary so much.

Type
Articles
Information
Nationalities Papers , Volume 25 , Issue 1 , March 1997 , pp. 147 - 167
Copyright
Copyright © 1997 Association for the Study of Nationalities of Eastern Europe 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Ahmed, Leila. Women and Gender in Islam. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1992.Google Scholar
Altstadt, Audrey. The Azerbaijani Turks: Power and Identity Under Russian Rule. Stanford: Hoover Institution Press, 1992.Google Scholar
Anderson, Benedict. Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism. London: Verso, 1992.Google Scholar
Atkin, Muriel. The Subtlest Battle: Islam in Soviet Tajikistan. Philadelphia: Foreign Policy Research Institute, 1989.Google Scholar
Barakat, Halim. “The Arab Family and the Challenge of Social Transformation” in Femia, Elizabeth, ed., Women and the Family in the Middle East. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1985, pp. 27–48.Google Scholar
Benningsen, Alexandre and Wimbush, Enders. Muslim National Communism in the Soviet Union. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1979.Google Scholar
Browning, Genia. Women and Politics in the USSR. Wheatsheaf, London: St. Martin, 1987.Google Scholar
Buckley, Mary. Women and Ideology in the Soviet Union. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1989.Google Scholar
Buckley, Mary. “Female Workers by Hand and Male Workers by Brain: The Occupational Composition of the 1985 Azerbaijan Supreme Soviet,” Soviet Union, Vol. 14, No. 2, 1987, pp. 229–237.Google Scholar
Buckley, Mary, ed. Perestroïka and Soviet Women. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992.Google Scholar
Charlton, Sue Ellen, Everett, Jana and Staudt, Kathleen, eds. Women, the State, and Development. New York: State University of New York Press, 1989.Google Scholar
Chinchilla, Norma. “Marxism, Feminism, and the Struggle for Democracy in Latin America,” Gender & Society, Vol. 5, No. 3, 1991, pp. 291–310.Google Scholar
Corrin, Chris, ed. Superwomen and the Double Burden: Women's Experience of Change in Central and Eastern Europe and the Former Soviet Union. Toronto: Second Story Press, 1992.Google Scholar
Dragadze, Tamara. “Islam in Azerbaijan: The Position of Women” in El-Solh, Camillia and Mabro, Judy, eds, Muslim Women's Choices: Religious Belief and Social Reality. Providence: Berg Publishers, 1994, pp. 152–163.Google Scholar
Edmondson, Linda, ed. Women and Society in Russia and the Soviet Union. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992.Google Scholar
Einhorn, Barbara. Cinderella Goes to Market: Citizenship, Gender and Women's Movements in East Central Europe. London: Verso, 1993.Google Scholar
Eisenstein, Zila. “Reflections” in Kruks, Sonia, Rapp, Rayna and Young, Marilyn, eds, Promissory Notes: Women in the Transition to Socialism. New York: Monthly Review Press, 1989.Google Scholar
Fischer, Michael. “On Changing the Concept and Position of Persian Women” in Beck, Lois and Keddie, Nikki, eds, Women in the Muslim World. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1978, pp. 189–215.Google Scholar
Glock, Charles and Stark, Rodney. Religion and Society in Tension. Chicago: Rand McNally, 1965.Google Scholar
Glock, Charles and Hammond, Phillip, eds. Beyond the Classics. Essays in the Scientific Study of Religion. New York: Harper and Row Publishers, 1973.Google Scholar
Halle, Fannina. Women in the Soviet East. New York: Dutton and Co., 1938.Google Scholar
Hegland, Mary. “Mixed Blessing: The Majlis—Shi'a Women's Rituals of Mourning in Northwest Pakistan” in Brink, Judy and Mencher, Joan, eds, Mixed Blessings: Religious Fundamentalism and Gender Cross-Culturally. New York: Routledge, forthcoming.Google Scholar
Ibrahimov, Mirza, ed. Azerbaijan Poetry: Classic, Modern, and Traditional. Moscow: Progress Publishers, 1969.Google Scholar
Jayawardena, Kumari. Feminism and Nationalism in Third World. London: Zed Books, 1986.Google Scholar
Johnston, Hank. New Social Movements. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1994.Google Scholar
Joseph, Suad. “Elite Strategies for State Building: Women, Family, Religion, and the State in Iraq and Lebanon” in Kandiyoti, Deniz, ed., Women, Islam, and the State. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1991, pp. 176–200.Google Scholar
Kandiyoti, Deniz. “Identity and Its Discontents: Women and the Nation,” Millennium: Journal of International Studies, Vol. 20, No. 3, 1991, pp. 429–443.Google Scholar
Keddie, Nikki and Beck, Lois. “Introduction” in Beck, Lois and Keddie, Nikki, eds, Women in the Muslim World. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1978, pp. 1–34.Google Scholar
Lapidus, Gail, ed. Women in Soviet Society: Equality, Development, and Social Change. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1982.Google Scholar
Lapidus, Gail, ed. The “Nationality” Question in the Soviet Union. New York: Garland Publishing, Inc., 1992.Google Scholar
Lubin, Nancy. “Women in Soviet Central Asia: Progress and Contradictions,” Soviet Studies, April, 1982, pp. 182–203.Google Scholar
Mammedov, Sabir Ganjali. Stranitsy zhizni. Baku: Ishiq Nashriyati, 1973.Google Scholar
Mammedov, Sabir Ganjali. Put k progresu. Baku: Azerbaijan Dovlat Nashriyyat Komitasi, 1986.Google Scholar
Massell, Gregory. The Surrogate Proletariat: Moslem Women and Revolutionary Strategies in Soviet Central Asia (1919-1929). Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1974.Google Scholar
Mernissi, Fatima. The Veil and the Male Elite. Mass: Addison Wesley, 1991.Google Scholar
Minces, Juliett. “Women in Algeria” in Back, Lois and Keddie, Nikki, eds, Women in the Muslim World. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1978, pp. 159–171.Google Scholar
Moghadam, Valentine, ed. Gender and National Identity: Women and Politics in Muslim Societies. London: Zed Books, 1994.Google Scholar
Moghadam, Valentine, ed. Democratic Reform and the Position of Women in Transitional Economics. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1993.Google Scholar
Molyneux, Maxine. “The Woman Question in the Age of Perestroika,” New Left Review, No. 183, September/October, 1990, pp. 23–49.Google Scholar
Olcott, Martha Brill. “Central Asia: The Reformers Challenge a Traditional Society” in Hajda, Lubomyr and Beissinger, Mark, eds, The Nationalities Factor in Soviet Politics and Society. Boulder: Westview Press, 1990, pp. 253–280.Google Scholar
Pavlychkov, Solomea. “Between Feminism and Nationalism: New Women's Groups in the Ukraine” in Buckley, Mary, ed., Perestroika and Soviet Women. Cambridge University Press, 1992, pp. 82–97.Google Scholar
Pearson, Ruth. “Questioning Perestroika: A Social-Feminist Interrogation,” Feminist Review, No. 39, Winter, 1991, pp. 91–96.Google Scholar
Peteet, Julie. “Authenticity and Gender: The Presentation of Culture” in Tucker, Judith, ed., Arab Women: Old Boundaries, New Frontiers. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1993, pp. 49–62.Google Scholar
Peterson, Spike and Runyan, Anne. Global Gender Issues. Boulder: Westview Press, 1993.Google Scholar
Poliakov, Sergei. Everyday Islam: Religion and Tradition in Rural Central Asia. London: Sharpe, 1992.Google Scholar
Powers, Marla. Oglala Women: Myth, Ritual, and Reality. Chicago: Chicago University Press, 1988.Google Scholar
Rai, Shirin, Pilkington, Hilary and Philzacklea, Annie. Women in the Face of Change: The Soviet Union, East Europe, and China. New York: Routledge, 1992.Google Scholar
Rorlich, Azade-Ayse. “The ‘Ali Bayramov’ Club, the Journal Sharg Gadini and the Socialization of Azeri Women: 1920-30,” Central Asian Survey, Vol. 5, Nos 3 & 4, 1986, pp. 221–239.Google Scholar
Sanasarian, Eliz. “The Politics of Gender and Development in the Islamic Republic of Iran,” Journal of Developing Societies, Vol. 8, January-April, 1992, pp. 56–68.Google Scholar
Sharoni, Simona. “Gender and Middle East Politics,” The Fletcher Forum of World Affairs, Vol. 17, No. 2, Summer, 1993, pp. 59–73.Google Scholar
Soroush, Abdolkarim. “Farbehtar az Ideology” (“Fatter than Ideology”), Jahan-e Isla, Tehran, No. 7, June, 1994, pp. 4–14.Google Scholar
Stark, Rodney and Glock, Charles. American Piety: The Nature of Religious Commitment. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1970.Google Scholar
Sultanova, Hokima. Sa'adat. Baku: Azerbaidzhan Dovlat Nashriyati, 1970.Google Scholar
Suny, Ronald. “Nationalist and Ethnic Unrest in the Soviet Union” in Lapidus, Gail, ed., The “Nationality” Question in the Soviet Union. New York: Garland Publishers, 1992, pp. 307–332.Google Scholar
Suny, Ronald. “Transcaucasia: Cultural Cohesion and Ethnic Revival in a Multinational Society” in Hajda and Beissinger, op. cit., 1990, pp. 228–252.Google Scholar
Swietochowski, Tadeusz. Russian Azerbaijan, 1905-1920: The Shaping of National Identity in a Muslim Community. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985.Google Scholar
Swietochowski, Tadeusz. Russia and Azerbaijan: A Borderland in Transition. New York: Columbia University Press, 1995.Google Scholar
Tett, Gillian. “Guardians of Faith: Women in Soviet Tajikistan” in El-Solh, Camillia and Mabro, Judy, eds, Muslim Women's Choices. Providence: Berg Publishers, 1994, pp. 128–151.Google Scholar
Tohidi, Nayereh. Situatsionnyi Analiz Polozheniia Zhenshchin v Azerbaidzhane (Situation Analysis on Women in Azerbaijan). Baku: UNICEF, 1994.Google Scholar
Tohidi, Nayereh. “Modernity, Islamization, and Gender in Iran” in Moghadam, Val, ed., Gender and National Identity: Women and Politics in Muslim Societies. London and Karachi: Zed Books and Oxford University Press, 1994, pp. 251–271.Google Scholar
Tohidi, Nayereh. “Gender, Islamism and Feminist Politics in Iran” in Mohanty, Chandra, Russo, Ann and Torres, Lourdes, eds, Third World Women and Politics of Feminism. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1991, pp. 251–271.Google Scholar
Toprak, Binaz. “Religion and Turkish Women” in Abadan-Unat, Nemin, ed., Women in Turkish Society. Lieden: Brill, 1981.Google Scholar
United Nations’ Children Fund. Women and Gender in Countries in Transition: A UNICEF Perspective. New York, 1994, pp. 93–98.Google Scholar
United Nations Development Programme. Human Development World Report. New York: Oxford University Press, 1994.Google Scholar
World Bank. Azerbaijan: From Crisis to Sustained Growth. Washington, DC, 1993.Google Scholar
Wulff, David. Psychology of Religion: Classic and Contemporary Views. New York: John Wiley and Sons, 1991.Google Scholar
Yuval-Davis, Nira and Anthias, Floya, eds. Women-Nation-State. London: Macmillan Press, 1989.Google Scholar