Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-8ctnn Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-23T18:03:01.406Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

In pursuit of homogeneity: the Lausanne Conference, minorities and the Turkish nation

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 November 2018

Yeşim Bayar*
Affiliation:
Department of Sociology, McGill University, Canada

Abstract

Following World War I, the Allied Powers signed Minority Treaties with a number of Central and Eastern European states. These treaties delineated the status of religious, ethnic and linguistic minorities in their respective countries. Turkey would be one of the last states that sat down to the negotiation table with the Allied Powers. In the Turkish case, the Lausanne Treaty would be the defining document which set out a series of rights and freedoms for the non-Muslim minorities in the newly created nation. The present article explores how and why the non-Muslim minorities were situated in the fringes of the new nation. In doing so, the article highlights the content of the discussions in the Lausanne Conference and in the Turkish Grand National Assembly with an emphasis on the position of the Turkish political elite.

Type
Articles
Copyright
Copyright © 2014 Association for the Study of Nationalities 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Akgönül, Samim. 2007. Türkiye Rumları [Turkish Rums]. Istanbul: Iletişim.Google Scholar
Aktar, Ayhan. 2000. Varlık Vergisi ve Türkleştirme Politikalar&inodots; [The Wealth Tax and Turkification Policies]. Istanbul: Iletişim.Google Scholar
An, Kemal. 2000. Büyük Mübadele: Türkiye'ye Zorunlu Göç, 1923–1925 [The Great Exchange: Forced Migration into Turkey]. Istanbul: Tarih Vakfı.Google Scholar
Armstrong, John. 1982. Nations Before Nationalism. Chapel Hill: University of Carolina Press.Google Scholar
Kültür, Atatürk, Kurumu, Dil ve Tarih Yüksek. 1997. Atatürk'ün Söylev ve Demeçleri [Atatürk's Speeches and Statements]. Vol. 2. Ankara: Atatürk Kültür, Dil ve Tarih Yüksek Kurumu.Google Scholar
Bali, Rıfat N. 1999. Bir Türkleştirme Serüveni: Cumhuriyet Yıllarında Türkiye Yahudileri [A Turkification Adventure: Türkiye Jews During Republican Period]. Istanbul: Iletisim.Google Scholar
Bali, Rıfat N. 2008. II. Dünya Savaşında Gayrimüslimlerin Askerlik Serüveni: Yirmi Kur'a Nafia Askerleri [The Adventure of Non-Muslims in the Military during World War II]. Istanbul: Kitabevi.Google Scholar
Birtek, Faruk. 2007. “From Affiliation to Affinity: Citizenship in the Transition from Empire to the Nation-State.” In Identities, Affiliation, and Allegiances, edited by Benhabib, Seyla, Shapiro, Ian, and Petranovic, Danilo, 1744. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Brubaker, Rogers. 1996. Nationalism Reframed: Nationhood and the National Question in the New Europe. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Deak, Istvan. 1990. Beyond Nationalism: A Social and Political History of the Habsburg Officer Corps. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Fink, Carole. 1995. “The League of Nations and the Minorities Question.” World Affairs 157 (4): 197205.Google Scholar
Fink, Carole. 2000. “Minority Rights as an International Question.” Contemporary European History 9 (3): 385400.Google Scholar
Finney, Patrick B. 1995. “An Evil for All Concerned: Great Britain and Minority Protection After 1919.” Journal of Contemporary History 30:533551.Google Scholar
Gellner, Ernest. 1983. Nations and Nationalism. Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Hall, John Anthony. 2006. “Structural Approaches to Nations and Nationalism.” In The Sage Handbook of Nations and Nationalism, edited by Delanty, Gerard and Kumar, Krishan, 3343. London: Sage.Google Scholar
Hobsbawm, Eric. 1990. Nations and Nationalism Since 1870: Programme, Myth, Reality. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Hutchinson, John. 1994. Modern Nationalism. London: Fontana.Google Scholar
Içduygu, Ahmet, and Ali Soner, B. 2006. “Turkish Minority Rights Regime: Between Difference and Equality.” Middle Eastern Studies 42 (3): 447468.Google Scholar
Karpat, Kemal H. 1982. “Millets and Nationality: The Roots of Incongruity of Nation and State in the Post-Ottoman Era.” In Christians and Jews in the Ottoman Empire: The Functioning of a Plural Society. Vol. 1, edited by Braude, Benjamin and Lewis, Bernard, 141169. New York, NY: Holmes and Meier.Google Scholar
Kayalı, Hasan. 2008. “The Struggle for Independence.” In The Cambridge History of Turkey: Turkey in the Modern World. Vol. 4, edited by Kasaba, Rexat, 112146. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Keyder, Çağlar. 2005. “A History and Geography of Turkish Nationalism.” In Citizenship and the Nation-State in Greece and Turkey, edited by Birtek, Faruk and Dragonas, Thalia, 317. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Levi, Avner. 1992. Türkiye Cumhuriyeti'nde Yahudiler [Jews Under the Turkish Republic]. Istanbul: Iletisim.Google Scholar
Macmillan, Margaret. 2002. Paris 1919: Six Months that Changed the World. New York, NY: Random.Google Scholar
Mann, Michael. 1993. The Sources of Social Power. Vol. 2, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Mazower, Mark. 1997. “Minorities and the League of Nations in Interwar Europe.” Daedalus 126 (2): 4763.Google Scholar
Meray, Seha L., ed. 1969–1973. Lozan Barış Konferansı: Tutanaklar, Belgeler [Lausanne Peace Conference: Transcripts, Documents]. Sets 1–2. Ankara: Ankara University Press.Google Scholar
Nur, Rıza. 1992. Hayat ve Hatıratım [My Life and Memoirs]. Vol. 2. Istanbul: Işaret, ed.Google Scholar
Oran, Baskin. 2004. Türkiye'de Azınlıklar: Kavramlar, Teori, Lozan, Iç Mevzuat, Içtihat, Uygulama [Minorities in Turkey: Concepts, Theory, Lausanne, Content, Explanation, Application], Istanbul: Iletişim.Google Scholar
Özkırımlı, Umut. 2010. Theories of Nationalism: A Critical Introduction. New York, NY: Palgrave.Google Scholar
Preece, Jennifer Jackson. 1997. “Minority Rights in Europe: From Westphalia to Helsinki.” Review of International Studies 23 (1): 7592.Google Scholar
Quataert, Donald. 2005. The Ottoman Empire, 1700–1922. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Riga, Liliana, and Kennedy, James. 2009. “Tolerant Majorities, Loyal Minorities and ‘Ethnic Reversals’: Constructing Minority Rights at Versailles 1919.” Nations and Nationalism 15 (3): 461482.Google Scholar
Sierpowski, Stanislaw. 1991. “Minorities in the System of the League of Nations.” In Ethnic Groups in International Relations, edited by Smith, Paul, 1337. New York: New York University Press.Google Scholar
Şimşir, Bilal, ed. 1990. Lozan Telgrafları [Lausanne Telegraphs]. Vol. 1. Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu.Google Scholar
Smith, Anthony D. 1986. The Ethnic Origins of Nations. Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Soner, Ali B. 2005. “Citizenship and the Minority Question in Turkey.” In Citizenship in a Global World: European Questions and Turkish Experiences, edited by Keyman, Fuat E. and Içduygu, Ahmet, 289311. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
TBMM. 1961. Türkiye Büyük Millet Meclisi Zabit Ceridesi, 1920–1927 [Transcripts of the Turkish Grand National Assembly Sessions]. Ankara: TBMM.Google Scholar
TBMM. 1985. Türkiye Büyük Millet Meclisi Gizli Celse Zabıtları, 1920–1924 [Transcripts of the Closed Sessions of the Turkish Grand National Assembly]. Ankara: Türkiye Iş Bankası.Google Scholar
Tilly, Charles. 1990. Coercion, Capital and European States, AD 990–1992. Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Weitz, Eric D. 2008. “From the Vienna to the Paris System: International Politics and the Entangled Histories of Human Rights, Forced Deportations, and Civilizing Missions.” American Historical Review 113 (5): 13131343.Google Scholar
Zubrzycki, Genevieve. 2001. “'We, the Polish Nation’: Ethnic and Civic Visions of Nationhood in Post-Communist Constitutional Debates.” Theory and Society 30:629668.Google Scholar