Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-v9fdk Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-17T11:23:13.398Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Effacing Panslavism: linguistic classification and historiographic misrepresentation

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 November 2018

Alexander Maxwell
Alexander Maxwell*
Affiliation:
School of History, Philosophy, Political Science & International Relations, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
*
*Email: [email protected]
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

In the early nineteenth century, several Slavic intellectuals believed in a single Slavic nation speaking a single language, though positing various taxonomies of the nation's component “tribes” and the language's component “dialects.” Nevertheless, recent scholars, both historians and linguists, prove so extraordinarily unwilling to acknowledge the existence of Panslavism that several falsify the historical record so as to make historical figures conform to modern national and linguistic thinking. This paper discusses Jan Kollár, Ljudevit Gaj, and L'udovít Štúr as three sample Panslavs, documents the misrepresentation of their ideas in recent historiography, and explores why so many scholars seek to erase Panslavism from the historical record.

Keywords

PanslavismSlovak historyCroatian historySlavic languageslinguistic classification
Type
Research Article
Information
Nationalities Papers , Volume 46 , Issue 4: Special Section: Classification , July 2018 , pp. 633 - 653
Copyright
Copyright © 2018 Association for the Study of Nationalities 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Agnew, Hugh LeCaine. 1992. “Czechs, Slovaks and the Slovak Linguistic Separatism of the Mid-Nineteenth Century.” In The Czech and Slovak Experience, edited by Morison, John, 21–37. London: St. Martin's Press.Google Scholar
Ambruš, Jozef, ed. 1953. Listy L'udovíta Štúra. Bratislava: SAV.Google Scholar
Anderson, Benedict. 1983. Imagined Communities. London: Verso.Google Scholar
Anon. 1927. “Jan Kollár and Literary Panslavism.” Slavonic Review 6 (17): 336–343.Google Scholar
Atkin, Nicholas, Biddiss, Michael, and Tallett, Frank. 2011. The Wiley-Blackwell Dictionary of Modern European History Since 1789. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell.Google Scholar
Auty, Robert. 1952. “Jan Kollár, 1793–1852.” Slavonic and East European Review 31 (76): 74–91.Google Scholar
Babukic, Vjekoslav. 1836a. “Osnova slovnica slavjanske narěčja ilirskoga.” Danica Ilirska 2 (10–15), 5, 12, 19, 26, March; 2, 9 April, pp. 37–40, 41–44, 45–58, 49–52, 53–56, 57–60.Google Scholar
Babukic, Vjekoslav. 1836b. Osnova slovnice slavjanske narecja Ilirskoga. Zagreb: Milan Hiršfeld.Google Scholar
Baer, Josette. 2014. A Life Dedicated to the Republic: Vavro Srobár's Slovak Czechoslovakism. Stuttgart: Ibidem.Google Scholar
Bartl, Julius. 2002. Slovak History: Chronology and Lexicon. Bratislava: SAV.Google Scholar
Batowski, Henryk. 1948. “The Poles and Their Fellow Slavs in 1848.” Slavonic and East European Review 27 (69): 404–413.Google Scholar
Berend, Ivan. 2003. History Derailed: Central and Eastern Europe in the Long Nineteenth Century. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Black, Peter. 1975. Kollár and Stur, Romantic and Post-Romantic Visions of a Slavic Future. New York: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar
Blanár, Vincent. 1963. “K terminalógii v matičných rokoch.” Československý terminologický časopis 2 (5): 257–274.Google Scholar
Blanár, Vincent. 1993. “Jazkovendé dielo L'udovíta Šntúra v slovenskom a slovanskom kontexte.” Slavica Slovaca 28 (1–2): 4–14.Google Scholar
Blanár, Vincent. 2002. “Cenný Príspevok k Dejinám Spisovnej Slovenčiny.” Slavica Slovaca 37 (2): 148–154.Google Scholar
Brock, Peter. 1976. The Slovak National Awakening: An Essay in the Intellectual History of East Central Europe. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.Google Scholar
Brubaker, Rogers. 1996. Nationalism Reframed: Nationhood and the National Question in the New Europe. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Burke, Peter. 1987. The Social History of Language. Cambridge: Cambridge University press.Google Scholar
Cambel, Samuel, ed. 1987. Dejiny Slovenská. Bratislava: SAV.Google Scholar
Coha, Suzan. 2009. “Poetika i politika Gajeve Danice.” (Ph.D. Thesis). University of Zagreb.Google Scholar
Cooper, David. 2008. “Competing Languages of Czech Nation-Building: Jan Kollár and the Melodiousness of Czech.” Slavic Review 67 (2): 301–320.Google Scholar
Danica horvatska, slavonska i dalmatinska. 1839. “Dopis iz Serbie Lužička u Saskoj.” 5 (22), June 8:91–92.Google Scholar
Danica. 1837. “Slovstvo.” 3 (26), July 1: 108.Google Scholar
Danilák, Michal. 1997. “L'udovít Štúr a Slovansky zjazd v Prahe roku 1848.” In L'udovít Štúr v súradniciach minulosti a súčasnosti, edited by Sedlák, Imrich, 84–112. Martin: Matica slovenská.Google Scholar
De Bray, R. G. A. 1980. Guide to the West Slavonic Languages. Bloomington, IN: Slavica.Google Scholar
Dedijer, Vladimir, ed. 1974. History of Yugoslavia. New York: McGraw-Hill.Google Scholar
Dolanský, Julius. 1963. Stopami buditelů. Prague: Státní nakladatelství krásné literatury a umění.Google Scholar
Dorovský, Ivan. 2004. Slovanské meziliterární shody a rozdíly. Brno: Masarykova univerzita.Google Scholar
Dorren, Gasten. 2014. Lingo: A Language Spotter's Guide to Europe. London: Profile.Google Scholar
Ján, Dorul'a. 2011. “Slovencina a biblictina v evanjelickej cirkvi na Slovensku.” Slavica Slovaca 46 (1): 3–9.Google Scholar
Erickson, John. 1964. Panslavism. London: Historical Association.Google Scholar
Fadner, Frank. 1962. Seventy Years of Pan-Slavism in Russia: Karamzin to Danilevskiĭ, 1800–1870. Enschede: Haarlem.Google Scholar
Felak, James. 1994. At the Price of the Republic: Hlinka's Slovak People's Party, 1929–1938. Pittsburgh, PA: University of Pittsburgh.Google Scholar
Ference, Gregory Curtis. 1995. Sixteen Months of Indecision: Slovak American Viewpoints Toward Compatriots and the Homeland from 1914 to 1915. Selinsgrove, PA: Associated University Press.Google Scholar
Frantsuzova, Olga. 2005. “Politicheskii panslavizm i idei vseslavianstva v Chekhii v pervoi polovine XIX g.” (Ph.D. Thesis). Department of General History, Moscow State University.Google Scholar
Gaj, Ljudevit. 1830. Kratka osnova Horvatsko-slavenskoga pravopisaňa / Kurzer Entwurf einer kroatisch-slavischen Orthographie. Buda: Royal University Library.Google Scholar
Gaj, Ljudevit. 1830/31. Manuscript transcribed by Nikša Stančić, 2005.Google Scholar
Gaj, Ljudevit (as “Lyudevit Gay”). 1835a. “Pravopisz.” Danicza Horvatzka, Slavonzka y Dalmatinzka March 1(10–12), 14, 21, 28:38–10, 41–42, 46–48.Google Scholar
Gaj, Ljudovit. 1835b. “Odgovor.” Danica Horvatska, Slavonska i Dalmatinska 1 (31): 122–124.Google Scholar
Gaj, Ljudovit. 1835c. “Oglas.” Danicza Horvatzka, Slavonzka y Dalmatinzka June 6, 1 (22): 88.Google Scholar
Gaj, Ljudevit. 1839. “Tko su bili stari Iliri?” Danica Ilirska March 5 (10–13, 15), 9, 16, 23, April 6:37–39, 41–43, 46–46, 49–51, 58–59.Google Scholar
Gąsior, Agnieszka, Karl, Lars, and Troebst, Stefan, eds. 2014. Post-Panslavismus: Slavizität, Slavische Idee und Antislavismus im 20. und 21. Jahrhundert. Göttingen: Wallenstein.Google Scholar
Gogolák, Ludwig. 1969. Beiträge zur Geschichte des slowakischen Volkes. Munich: Oldenbourg.Google Scholar
Goldstein, Ivo. 1999. Croatia: A History. Montreal: McGill-Queens University Press.Google Scholar
Greenberg, Robert. 2004. Language and Identity in the Balkans. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Grigorieva, Anna. 2013. “Pan-Slavism in Central and Southeastern Europe.” Journal of Siberian Federal University, Humanities and Social Sciences 1:13–21.Google Scholar
Hantsch, Hugo. 1965a. “Panslawismus, Neoslawismus und Austro-Slawismus.” Der Donauraum 10:94–104.Google Scholar
Hantsch, Hugo. 1965b. “Pan-Slavism, Austro-Slavism, Neo-Slavism: The All-Slav Congresses and the Nationality Problems of Austria-Hungary.” Austrian History Yearbook 1:23–37.Google Scholar
Haraksim, L'udovít. 2011. “Slovak Slavism and Panslavism.” In Slovakia in History, edited by Teich, Mikuláš, Kováč, Dušan and Brown, Martin, 101–119. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Hawkesworth, Celia. 2007. Zagreb: A Cultural and Literary History. Oxford: Signal.Google Scholar
Herkel, Jan. 1826. Elementa Universalis Linguae Slavicae. Buda: Royal University Press.Google Scholar
Herrity, Peter. 1992. “The Problematic Nature of the Standardization of the Serbo-Croatian Literary Language in the Second Half of the Nineteenth Century.” In Language Planning in Yugoslavia, edited by Bugarski, Ranko and Hawkesworth, Celia, 162–175. Bloomington, IN: Slavica.Google Scholar
Hill, Elizabeth. 1951. Why Need We Study the Slavs? Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Hoitsy, Samuel. 1843. Apologie des ungrischen Slawismus. Leipzig: Vlockmar.Google Scholar
Horak, Stephen. 1963. “Heritage of Lenin's Coexistence.” The Ukrainian Quarterly 19–20:133–143.Google Scholar
Horák, Emil. 2003. “Štúrov spis Nárečia slovenskuo alebo potrebe písaňja v tomto nárečí v aktuálnom slovanskom kontexte.” Slavica Slovaca 38 (2): 97–103.Google Scholar
Horák, Emil. 2004. “Slovensko-makedónske jayzkové paralely.” Slovaca Slovaca 39 (2): 107–114.Google Scholar
Horák, Emil. 2007. “Slovensko-české filologické paralely z (juzno)slavistického aspektu.” Slavica Slovaca 42 (2): 102–110.Google Scholar
Horvat, Josip. 1975. Ljudevit Gaj: Njegov život, njegovo doba. Zagreb: Liber.Google Scholar
Hroch, Miroslav. 1985. Social Preconditions of National Revival in Europe: A Comparative Analysis of the Social Composition of Patriotic Groups among the Smaller European Nations. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Hurban, Miroslav. 1846. Českje hlasi proti Slovenčiňe. Skalice: Skarniel.Google Scholar
Ivetic, Egido. 2012. Jugoslavia sognata: lo jugoslavismo delle origini. Milan: Franco Angeli.Google Scholar
Jankovič, Ján. 1997. Chorvátska literatúra v slovenskej kulture. Veda: Bratislava.Google Scholar
Jelavich, Charles, and Jelavich, Barbara. 1977. The Establishment of the Balkan National States, 1804–1920. Seattle: University of Washington.Google Scholar
Jonke, Ljudevit. 1976. “Ljudevit Gaj zum 100. Todestag.” Die Welt der Slaven 21 (2): 62–69.Google Scholar
Jopson, Norman. 1934. “Introduction to G. Bozhovitch's Story ‘The Lair.‘ The European Quarterly 1 (2): 208–120.Google Scholar
Jóna, Eugen. 1956. “Účast' L'udovíta Štúra pri utváraní spisovnej slovenčiny.” Slovenská reč 21 (2): 131–146.Google Scholar
Jóna, Eugen. 1985. Postavy slovenskej jazykovedy v dobe Štúrovej. Bratislava: SAV.Google Scholar
Jóna, Eugen, and Ďurovič, L'ubomír, eds. 2006. Nauka reci slovenskej: Komentáre, bibliografia. Bratislava: SAV.Google Scholar
Ján, Kačala. 1986. “Jazykovedné dielo Ludovita Stura a sucasna slovakistika.” Rec 51 (3): 129–135.Google Scholar
Karadzic, Vuk. 1818. Srpski rjecnik. Vienna: P. P. Armeniern.Google Scholar
Kirschbaum, Joseph. 1975. “Slovak Émigré Literature.” In Slovak Language and Literature: Essays, edited by Rudnyckyj, Jaroslav, 235–267. Winnipeg: University of Manitoba, Department of Slavic Studies.Google Scholar
Kirschbaum, Stanislav. 1995. A History of Slovakia: The Struggle for Survival. London: St. Martin's Press.Google Scholar
Kirschbaum, Stanislav. 2014. Historical Dictionary of Slovakia. Lanham, MD: Scarecrow.Google Scholar
Klimeš, Lumír. 1954. “Jak vydávati staročeské texty?” Slovo a slovesnost 15 (3): 136–140.Google Scholar
Kohn, Hans. 1952. “Romanticism and Realism among Czechs and Slovaks.” The Review of Politics 14 (1): 25–46.Google Scholar
Kohn, Hans. 1953. Panslavism: Its History and Ideology. Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press.Google Scholar
“Kolar, Ivan”. 1836. “O slovstvenoj vzajemnosti medju kolěni i narěčji slovenskimi.” Danica Ilirska 2 (29–31): 114–116. 117–120, 122–123.Google Scholar
Kollár, Jan. 1824. Sláwy Dcera: we třech zpěwjch. Buda: Royal University Library.Google Scholar
Kollár, Jan. 1832. Sláwy Dcera: lyricko-epická báseň w pěti zpěwjch. Prague: Trattner and and Károly.Google Scholar
Kollár, Jan. 1835. Národnié zpiewanky čili pjsně swětské Slowákow w Uhrách. Buda: Royal University Library.Google Scholar
Kollár, Jan. 1836. “O literarnég Wzágemnosti.” Hronka: Podtatranská Zábavnice 1 (2): 39–53.Google Scholar
Kollár, Jan. 1837. Über die literarische Wechselseitigkeit zwischen den verschiedenen Stämmen und Mundarten der slawischen Nation. Pest: Trattner and Károly.Google Scholar
Kollár, Jan. 1840. “O literaturnoy vzaimnosti mezhdu plemenami i narechiyami slavyanskimi.” Otechestvennyya zapiski 8 (1–2): 1–24, 65–94.Google Scholar
Kollár, Jan. 1844. Über die Wechselseitigkeit zwischen den verschiedenen Stämmen und Mundarten der slawischen Nation. Leipzig: Otto Wigand.Google Scholar
Kollár, Jan. 1845. O književnoj uzajamnosti izmedju razlicni plemena i narecja Slavjanskoga naroda. Belgrade: Serbian Royal Library.Google Scholar
Kollár, Jan. 1846. “O českoslowenské jednotě w rěči a w literatře.” In Hlasowé o potřebě jednoty spisowného jazyka pro Čechy, Morawany a Slowáky, edited by Kollár, Jan, 101–126. Prague: Kronberg and Řiwnák.Google Scholar
Kollár, Jan. 2009. Reciprocity Between the Tribes and Dialects of the Slavic Language. Bloomington, IN: Slavica.Google Scholar
Dušan, Kovác. 2011. “The Slovak Political Programme: From Hungarian Patriotism to the Czechoslovak State.” In Slovakia in History, edited by Teich, Mikuláš, Kováč, Dušan, and Brown, Martin D., 120–136. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Kramárcsik, Karl (as Károly Szatócs). 1840. “A Panszlavizmus cseh-szláv hősei Lőcsén.” Társalkodo 9 (92): 365–366.Google Scholar
Kunze, Peter. 1999. “The Sorbian National Renaissance and Slavic Reciprocity in the First Half of the Nineteenth Century.” Canadian Slavonic Papers 41 (2): 189–206.Google Scholar
Lednicki, Waclaw. 1953. “Panslavism.” In European Ideologies: A Survey of 20th Century Political Ideas, edited by Gross, Feliks, 808–912. New York: Philosophical Library.Google Scholar
Lichard, Daniel. 1865. Rozhovory o matiči slovenksej. Banská Bystrica: Maticnych spisov.Google Scholar
Locher, Theodore. 1931. Die Nationale Differenzierung und Integrierung der Slovaken und Tschechen in ihrem Geschichtlichen Verlauf bis 1848. Haarlem: H. D. Tjeenk Willink & Zoon.Google Scholar
Magocsi, Paul Robert. 2004. “Geography and Borders.” In History of the Literary Cultures of East-Central Europe, edited by Cornis-Pope, Marcel and Neubauer, John, 19–29. Amsterdam: University of Amsterdam.Google Scholar
Makowski, Krzysztof, and Hadler, Frank, eds. 2013. Approaches to Slavic Unity: Austro-Slavism, Pan-Slavism, Neo-Slavism, and Solidarity among the Slavs Today. Poznan: Instytut Historii Uniwersytetu im. Adama Mickiewicza.Google Scholar
Maxwell, Alexander. 2003. “Literary Dialects in China and Slovakia: Imagining Unitary Nationality with Multiple Orthographies.” International Journal of the Sociology of Language 164:129–149.Google Scholar
Maxwell, Alexander. 2009. Choosing Slovakia. London: LB. Tauris.Google Scholar
Mažuranić, Ivan, and Užarević, Jakov. 1842. Deutsch-ilirisches Wörterbuch. Zagreb: Ljudevit Gaj.Google Scholar
Mikus, Joseph. 1977. Slovakia and the Slovaks. Washington, DC: Three Continents Press.Google Scholar
Milojkovic-Djuric, Jelena. 1994. Panslavism and National Identity in Russia and the Balkans 1830–1880. Boulder, CO: East European Monographs.Google Scholar
Moguš, Milan. 1995. A History of the Croatian Language: Towards a Common Standard. Zagreb: Globus.Google Scholar
Nowotny, Pawol. 1965. “Listy, pisane serbskemu gymnazialnemu towarstwu w Budysinje z let 1839–50.” Lětopis 12 (2): 184–245.Google Scholar
Oravcová, Marianna. 1994. “The Ethnic and Cultural Dimension of National Emancipation.” In Language, Values, and the Slovak Nation, edited by Pichler, Tibor and Gašparíková, Jana, 9–24. Washington, DC: Paideia.Google Scholar
Ormis, Jan, ed. 1973. O reč a národ. Bratislava: SAV.Google Scholar
Palkovic, Juraj. 1820. Böhmisch-deutsch-lateinisches Wörterbuch. Prague: Thomas Kubelka.Google Scholar
Panslavismus im Gegensatz zum Allslaventhum, Der. 1870. Strausbourg: Köhler.Google Scholar
Pauliny, Eugen. 1948. Dejiny spisovney slovenciny. Bratislava: SAV.Google Scholar
Pech, Stanley. 1970. “Nationalism in Eastern Europe (Review).” Slavic Review 29 (4): 719–721.Google Scholar
Petro, Peter. 1997. History of Slovak Literature. Montreal: McGill-Queens University Press.Google Scholar
Petrovich, Michael. 1956. The Emergence of Russian Panslavism. New York: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar
Pichler, Tibor. 1994. “The Idea of Slovak Language-based Nationalism.” In Language, Values and the Slovak Nation, edited by Pichler, Tibor and Gašpariková, Jana, 35–46. Washington, DC: Paideia.Google Scholar
Popowski, Józef. 1893. Nationalität-Race (Slavismus-Panslavismus). Vienna: Frick.Google Scholar
Radosavljevich, Paul. 1919. Who Are the Slavs? Boston: Richard Badger.Google Scholar
Robinson, Therese (as Talvi). 1850. Historical View of the Languages and Literature of the Slavic Nations; With a Sketch of Their Popular Poetry. New York: Putnam.Google Scholar
Rosenbaum, Karol. 1993. “Dielo Jána Kollára v kontexte ceskej a slovenskej literatúry v 19. storačí: (nacrt problematiky).” Slavica slovaca 28 (1–2): 121–127.Google Scholar
Safarik, Pavel Josef. 1842. Slowanský Národopis. Prague: n.p.Google Scholar
Seton-Watson, R. W. 1908. Racial Problems in Hungary. London: Archibald Constable.Google Scholar
Šimko, Ján. 1991. English-Slovak Dictionary. Bratislava: Komensky.Google Scholar
Simpson, John, and Weiner, Edmund, eds. 1991. The Compact Oxford English Dictionary. 2nd ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Sivrić, Ivo. 1975. Bishop J. G. Strossmayer. Chicago, IL: Franciscan Herald Press.Google Scholar
Slovenský biografický slovník (od roku 833 do r. 1990). 1987. Martin: Matica Slovenská.Google Scholar
Stallaerts, Robert. 2010. Historical Dictionary of Croatia. Lanham, MD: Scarecrow.Google Scholar
Stančić, Nikša. 1989. Gajeva “Jos Horvatska ni propala” iz 1832–33. Zagreb: Globus.Google Scholar
Stančić, Nikša. 1990. “‘Naš narod,‘ Ljudevita Gaja iz 1835. Godine.” Radovi zavoda za hrvatsku povijest 23:53–80.Google Scholar
Stančić, Nikša. 2005. “Prilog: Grafija i ideologija: hrvatski narod, hrvatski jezik i hrvatska latinica Ljudevita Gaja 1830. i 1835. Godina.” Razred za drustvene znanosti 492 (43): 288–294.Google Scholar
Štúr, L'udovít (as Ljudevit Štur). 1837. “Nitra: Narodna slovacka pesma.” Danica ilirska, June 3 3 (2): 85.Google Scholar
Stur, L'udovít. 1843. Beschwerden und Klagen der Slaven in Ungarn über die gesetzwidrigen Uebergrijfe der Magyaren. Leipzig: Robert Binder.Google Scholar
Štúr, L'udovít. 1846a. Nauka reči slovenskej. Bratislava: Tatrín.Google Scholar
Štúr, L'udovít. 1846b. Nárečja slovenskuo alebo potreba písaňje v tomto nárečje. Bratislava: Wigand.Google Scholar
Štúr, L'udovít. 1847. “Panslavism a naša Krajina,” Slovenskje Národňje novini September 1 (215–218): 3, 7, 10, 14:857–58, 861–63, 865–66, 869–70.Google Scholar
Štur, L'udovít. 1848. “Pohled na hýbání západních a jižních Slowanů.” Národní Noviny 23: 2 May, 89–90.Google Scholar
Sulek, Bogoslav. 1860. Deutsch-Kroatisches Wörterbuch. Zagreb: Franz Suppan.Google Scholar
Sussex, Roland, and Cubberly, Paul. 2006. The Slavic Languages. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Sutherland, Anthony. 1981. “The Fathers of the Slovak Nation: From Juraj Tranovsky to Karol Salva or from the Reformation to the Rise of the Populists (1500s-1890s).” Slovak Studies 21:5–187.Google Scholar
Svoljšak, Petra. 2008. “The Pre-March Era, The Time of Non-Freedom.” In The Land Between: A History of Slovenia, edited by Luthar, Oto, 264–279. Frankfurt: Peter Lang.Google Scholar
Tafra, Branka. 2006. “Znacenje narodnoga preporoda za hrvatski jezik.” Croatica et Slavica ladertina 2 (2): 43–55.Google Scholar
Teich, Mikuláš. 1998. Bohemia in History. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Thomas, Alfred. 2003. “Forging Czechs: The Reinvention of National Identity in the Bohemian Lands.” In Cultures of Forgery, edited by Ryan, Judith and Thomas, Alfred, 29–52. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Thomas, Alfred. 2007. The Bohemian Body. Madison: University of Wisconsin.Google Scholar
Thomson, Harrison. 1951. “A Century of a Phantom: Pan-Slavism and the Western Slavs.” Journal of Central European Affairs 11 (1): 57–77.Google Scholar
Trnka, Nina. 1992. Slovak-English, English-Slovak Dictionary. New York: Hippocrene.Google Scholar
Tuminez, Astrid. 2000. Russian Nationalism Since 1856: Ideology and the Making of Foreign Policy. Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield.Google Scholar
Varga, Janos. 1993. “Fear of Pan-Slavism.” In A Hungarian Quo Vadis: Political Trends and Theories of the Early 1840s, 110–132. Budapest: Akadémiai.Google Scholar
Veselić, Rudolf. 1854. Rěčnik ilirskoga i nêmačkoga jezika. Vienna: Venedikt.Google Scholar
Voltiggi, Giuseppe. 1803. Ricsoslovnik. Vienna: Kurtzbeck.Google Scholar
Walicki, Andrzej. 1975. The Slavophile Controversy: History of a Conservative Utopia in Nineteenth-century Russian Thought. Oxford: Clarendon.Google Scholar
Záborsky, Jonáš. 1851. “Predmluva.” In Žehry: Básně a dvě řeči, iii–vi. Vienna: Mechitaristu. Introduction with unnumbered pages.Google Scholar
Zay, Carl. 1841. Protestantismus, Magyarismus, Slawismus. Leipzig: Wigand.Google Scholar
Zdenčanin, Rodoljub (psuedonym). 1837. “Slovak i Tatra.” Danica Ilirska 3 (10), March 11: 37.Google Scholar
Živančević, Milorad, and Frangeš, Ivo. 1975. Ilirizam, Realizam. Zagreb: Liber.Google Scholar
Zlatar, Zdenko. 1995. The Slavic Epic: Gundulic's Osman. Frankfurt: Peter Lang.Google Scholar
Zlatar, Zdenko. 1997. The Poetics of Slavdom. Frankfurt: Peter Lang.Google Scholar
Žmegač, Jasna Čapo. 2004. “Anton Radić, Peasants into Croats.” In Ethnology, Myth and Politics, edited by Rihtman-Augustin, Dunja, 35–46. Farnham: Ashgate.Google Scholar