1. Michael Marrus, The Unwanted. European Refugees in the Twentieth Century (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1985), pp. 51–52.Google Scholar

2. The most comprehensive account on the Bulgarian interwar refugees is Georgi V. Dimitrov, Nastaniavane i ozemliavane na bâlgarskite bezhantsi (Blagoevgrad: s.n., 1985).Google Scholar

3. For Bulgaria in World War Two, see Lee Miller, Marshall, Bulgaria during the Second World War (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1975); Vania Stoianova, “Etnodemografskata politika na Bâlgariia v prisâedinenite v perioda 1941–1944 zemi—zakonomernost ili anahronizâm v modernoto obshtestvo,” Balkanistichen forum, Vol. 3, 1994, pp. 54–62; Georgi Daskalov, Uchastta na bâlgarite v Egeyska Makedoniia, 1936–1946 (Sofia: Makedonski Nauchen Institut, 1999); Xanthipi Kotzageorgi-Zymari, ed., I Voulgariki katochi stin Anatoliki Makedonia kai ti Thraki, 1941–1944 (Thessaloniki: Paratiritis, 2002). For a general overview of Bulgarian history, see R. J. Crampton, A Short History of Bulgaria (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997). For the economic perspective, see John R. Lampe, The Bulgarian Economy in the Twentieth Century (London: Croom Helm, 1986).Google Scholar

4. For the immediate post-World War Two years in Bulgaria, see Nissan Oren, Bulgarian Communism: The Road to Power, 1934–1944 (New York: Columbia University Press, 1971); Mito Isusov, Politicheskiiat zhivot v Bâlgariia, 1944–1948 (Sofia: Akademichno izdatelstvo “Prof. Marin Drinov,” 2000); Iskra Baeva and Evgeniia Kalinova, Sledvoennoto desetiletie na bâlgarskata vânshna politika (1944–1955) (Sofia: Polis, 2003); Veselin Angelov, Hronika na edna natsionalno predatelstvo. Opitite za nasilstveno denatsionalizirane na Pirinska Makedoniia 1944–1949 (Blagoevgrad: Universitetsko izdatelstvo “Neofit Rilski,” 1999).Google Scholar

5. Dimitrov, Nastaniavane i ozemliavane na bâlgarskite bezhantsi, pp. 232, 237, commenting on the refugees' “full absorption in Bulgarian bourgeois society.”Google Scholar

6. Braianov, Todor, “Bâlgarski bezhantsi ot Trakiia, rodni mesta i kâde sa zaseleni v Bâlgariia. Chast pârva,” Izvestiia na Trakiyskiia nauchen institute, Vol. 1, 1965, pp. 117–146; Todor Braianov, “Bâlgarski bezhantsi ot Trakiia, rodni mesta i kâde sa zaseleni v Bâlgariia. Chast vtora,” Izvestiia na Trakiyskiia nauchen institute, Vol. 2, 1970, pp. 207–237; Todor Kosatev, “Nastaniavane na bezhantsite v Burgaski okrâg 1919–1932,” Istoricheski pregled, Vol. 2, 1975, pp. 57–69; Stefan Shivachev, “Bezhanskiiat vâpros v Plovdivski okrâg,” Izvestiia na muzeite ot Iuzhna Bâlgariia, Vol. XIII, 1987, pp. 183–199; Georgi V. Dimitrov, Maltsinstveno-bezhanskiiat vâpros v bâlgaro-grâtskite otnosheniia 1919–1939 (Blagoevgrad: s.n., 1982); Dimitrov, Nastaniavane i ozemliavane na bâlgarskite bezhantsi; Georgi V. Dimitrov, Iliuzii i deystvitelnost. Sporove za prava i imoti na bâlgarite ot Egeyska Makedoniia i Zadarna Trakiia, 1919–1931 (Blagoevgrad: s.n., 1996).Google Scholar

7. Dimitrov, Nastaniavane i ozemliavane na bâlgarskite bezhantsi. Google Scholar

8. In addition to secondary studies, many of which are used in this article, numerous memoirs and personal testimonies have been published in the post-1989 years related to the history of Bulgarian minorities and refugees. Some interesting works include Kiril Bakârdzhiev and Maria Bakârdzhieva, Republika Doganhisar-Gradets: Zashtita i Razgrom (Sofia: Trakiyska fondatsiia “Kap. Petko Voyvoda,” 1992); Kiril Bakârdzhiev and Maria Bakârdzhieva, Doganhisar-Gradets. Po chuzhdi zemi i bregove (Sofia: Trakiyska fondatsiia “Kap. Petko Voyvoda,” 1998); Zdravko Dafinov, Belomorski dnevnik 1942–1944 (Sofia: Izdatelska kâshta “Rodina,” 1997); Iuliia Popvasileva, Spomeni ot bezhanskite godini (Sofia: Knizharnitsa “Makedoniia,” s.a.).Google Scholar

9. Simeonova, G., “Etnografskite grupi i tiahnata vrâzka s edinstvoto i mnogoobrazieto na etnicheskata kultura,” Etnologiia, Vol. 1, 1993, pp. 139–152; Rumiana Andreeva, Natsiia i natsionalizâm v bâlgarskata istoriia (Sofia: Paradigma, 1998); Svetla Rakshieva, “Istinskite trakiytsi,” Bâlgarska etnologiia, Vol. 2, 2000, pp. 5–29.Google Scholar

10. Georgi Daskalov, Bâlgarite v Egeyska Makedoniia. Mit i Realnost (Sofia: Makedonski Nauchen Institut, 1996); Daskalov, Uchastta na bâlgarite v Egeyska Makedoniia. Google Scholar

11. Onur Yildirim, Diplomats and Refugees. Mapping the Turco-Greek Exchange of Populations, 1922–1934 (unpublished PhD, Princeton University, 2002); Renée Hirschon, ed., Crossing the Aegean: An Appraisal of the 1923 Compulsory Population Exchange between Greece and Turkey (New York: Berghahn Books, 2003).Google Scholar

12. Maria Vergeti, Apo tin Ponto stin Ellada. Diadikasies diamorphosis mias ethnotopikis tavtotitas (Thessaloniki: Ad. Kyriakidi, 1994).Google Scholar

13. Two influential studies that confirm such processes among the refugee population in interwar Greece are George Mavrogordatos, Stillborn Republic: Social Coalitions and Party Strategies in Greece, 1922–1936 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1983); and Mark Mazower, Greece and the Interwar Economic Crisis (New York: Clarendon Press, 1991). For a sociological perspective, see Nikos Marantzidis, Giasasin Millet/Zito to ethnos. Prosphugia, katohi kai emphilios. Ethnotiki tavtotita kai politiki symperiphora stous Tourkophonous ellinoorthodoxous tou Dutikou Pontou (Irakleio: Panepistimiakes ekdoseis Kritis, 2001).Google Scholar

14. Renée Hirschon, Heirs of the Greek Catastrophe: The Social Life of Asia Minor Refugees in Piraeus (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1989).Google Scholar

15. Liisa Malkki, Purity and Exile: Violence, Memory, and National Cosmology Among Hutu Refugees in Tanzania (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1995).Google Scholar

16. For other works that examine such trends in different regional contexts, see Philipp Ther and Ana Siljak, eds, Redrawing Nations: Ethnic Cleansing in East-Central Europe, 1944–1948 (Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield, 2001); Rainer Muenz and Rainer Ohliger, eds, Diasporas and Ethnic Migrants: Germany, Israel and Post-Soviet Successor States in Comparison (London: Frank Cass, 2003); Pieter Judson and Marsha Rozenblit, eds, Constructing Nationalities in East Central Europe (New York: Berghahn Books, 2004).Google Scholar

17. Refugees were considered people of Bulgarian ethnic origins from Macedonia, Thrace, Dobrudzha, the West Ends, and Asia Minor who had arrived in Bulgaria after 1912 and who were still in Bulgaria in December 1926. See the definition in Dârzhaven vestnik, 18 December 1926. For the 1903 refugees, see Genadi Genadiev, Bezhantsite vâv Varnensko, 1879–1908 (Varna: VMRO, 1998). A good collection of primary sources for this period is Vera Vasileva et al., eds, Migratsionni dvizheniia na bâlgarite, 1878–1941. Pârvi tom, 1878–1912 (Sofia: Universitetsko izdatelstvo “Sv. Kliment Ohridski,” 1993).Google Scholar

18. Glavna direktsia za nastaniavane na bezhantsite, Selskostopanskoto nastaniavane na bezhantsite (Sofia: s.n., 1932), pp. 58–59; Zheko Chankov, Naselenieto na Bâlgariia (Sofia: s.n., 1935), p. 37. I accept the figure of 280,000, which the reports of the commissaries of the League of Nation support. I do not consider the 30,000 refugees from 1903 in this figure. The estimates are based on official data in Glavna direktsia, Selskostopanskoto nastaniavane na bezhantsite. In addition, there were 34,000 Russian refugees in Bulgaria in 1924, as evident in Georgi Markov et al., eds, Bialata emigratsiia v Bâlgariia (Sofia: Gutenberg, 2001), p. 87.Google Scholar

19. Glavna direktsia, Selskostopanskoto nastaniavane na bezhantsite, p. 58.Google Scholar

20. For a firsthand account, see Prof. Liubomir Miletich, Razorenieto na trakiyskite bâlgari prez 1913 (Sofia: Dârzhavna pechatnitsa, 1918). For an excellent summary, see Stoyko Trifonov, Trakiia. Administrativna uredba, politicheski i stopanski zhivot, 1912–1915 (Sofia: Kapitan Petko voyvoda, 1992).Google Scholar

21. Petâr Koledarov, Bâlgarshtinata v Mala Asiia (Sofia: s.n., 1939); Dimitâr Shishmanov, Neobiknovenata istoriia na maloaziyskite bâlgari (Sofia: Poni, 2001).Google Scholar

22. Trifonov, Trakiia, pp. 161–236; Stephen Ladas, The Exchange of Minorities. Bulgaria, Greece and Turkey (New York: Macmillan, 1932).Google Scholar

23. Krâstiu Manchev, Natsionalniiat vâpros na Balkanite (Sofia: Akademichno izdatelstvo “Prof. Marin Drinov,” 1999), pp. 246–249.Google Scholar

24. For the resistance against the Serbian administration in Vardar Macedonia, see K. Pârlichev, Srâbskiiat rezhim i revoliutsionnata borba v Makedoniia 1912–1915 (Sofia: Al. Paskalev, 1915); Konstantin Paleshutski, Makedonskiiat vâpros v burzhoazna Iugoslaviia, 1918–1941 (Sofia: Izdatelstvo na Bâlgarskata akademiia na naukite, 1983.) For the Bulgarian population under Greek rule in Aegean Macedonia, see Daskalov, Bâlgarite v Egeyska Makedoniia; Georgi Genov, Sâprotivata na bâlgarite ot Belomorska Makedoniia sreshtu grâtskoto igo, 1912–1916 (Sofia: Veritas et pnevma, 1998).Google Scholar

25. Antonina Kuzmanova, Ot Nioy do Krayova. Vâprosât za Iuzhna Dobrudzha v mezhdunarodnite otnosheniia 1919–1940 (Sofia: Izdatelstvo “Nauka i izkustvo,” 1989).Google Scholar

26. Manchev, Natsionalniiat vâpros na Balkanite, pp. 224–225.Google Scholar

27. Ivan Altânov, Mezhdusâiuznicheska Trakiia (Sofia: Sâiuz na bâlgarskite ucheni, pisateli i hudozhnitsi, 1921); Anastas Razboynikov, Obezbâlgariavaneto na Zapadna Trakiia, 1919–1924 (Sofia: Trakiyski nauchen institut, 1940); Anastas Razboynikov and Dr. Spas Razboynikov, Naselenieto na Iuzhna Trakiia s ogled narodnostnite otnosheniia v 1830, 1878, 1912 i 1920 godina (Sofia: Karina M, 1999), pp. 231–243.Google Scholar

28. Razboynikov, Obezbâlgariavaneto na Zapadna Trakiia. Also see archival records in TsDA (Central State Archive, Sofia, Bulgaria), f. 322 k, op. 1, a.e. 390, which contains correspondence of the Bulgarian Embassy in Athens and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs concerning the Bulgarians in Western Thrace during 1922–1923.Google Scholar

29. During the peace treaty negotiations, the Commission on New States proposed the extension of the minority emigration to Yugoslavia and Romania but such an agreement was never reached. For the Convention, see Mixed Commission on Greco-Bulgarian Emigration, Memorandum on the Mission and Work of the Mixed Commission on Greco-Bulgarian Emigration (n.p., 1929); Andre Wurfbain, L'echange Grèco-bulgare des Minorites Ethniques (Lausanne: Payot & cie, 1930); Commission Mixte d'emigration Greco-Bulgare, Rapport des members nommés par le Conseil de la Société des Nations (Lausanne: Imp. Réunies, 1932); Ladas, The Exchange of Minorities; Sava Penkov, Bâlgaro-grâtski maltsinstveni problemi sled Pârvata Svetovna voyna (Sofia: s.n., 1946).Google Scholar

30. Mixed Commission, Memorandum, p. 2.Google Scholar

31. Ladas, The Exchange of Minorities; Mixed Commission, Memorandum. Google Scholar

32. The Mixed Commission observed, “the Bulgarian population manifested a sort of local solidarity with regard to the choice for or against migration. ‘If the other Bulgarian villages in Thrace go, we shall go,‘ said the Bulgars in Thrace in 1924. Whereas the Bulgars of West Macedonia, for instance, were practically unanimous not to emigrate.” The Convention was applied to Eastern Macedonia and Western Thrace that had a common border with Bulgaria, but not to Western Macedonia. See Mixed Commission, Memorandum, p. 7.Google Scholar

33. For the issue of minority protection, see Tunta-Phergadi, Areti, Ellino-voulgarikes meionotites (Thessaloniki: IMHA, 1986); Iakovos Michailidis, “Minority Rights and Educational Problems in Greek Interwar Macedonia: The Case of the Primer ‘Abecedar,‘” Journal of Modern Greek Studies, Vol. 14, No. 2, 1996, pp. 329–343; Dimitrov, Maltsinstveno-bezhanskiiat vâpros v bâlgaro-grâtskite otnosheniia. Google Scholar

34. The exchange was applied to approximately 900 localities in the region, 251 in Bulgaria, 501 in Greek Macedonia, and 259 in Greek Thrace. A total of 154,691 immigrants submitted declarations for migration and property liquidation; 101,800 were Bulgarians and 52,891 Greeks. By 31 December 1931, the Commission liquidated 69,000 dossiers and fixed the balance between Bulgaria and Greece at 7,334,873 US dollars in favor of Bulgaria. Commission Mixte d'emigration Greco-Bulgare, Rapport des members, pp. 60–66.Google Scholar

35. Dimitrov, Iliuzii i deystvitelnost. Google Scholar

36. The Fisheries School in Sozopol is one example. See Trakiia, 6 March 1924.Google Scholar

37. Mixed Commission, Memorandum, p. 11, note (x) defines comitadjilik as belonging to “revolutionary committees or bands” but admits that the term is “often employed very loosely.”Google Scholar

38. IAYE (Historical Archive of the Greek Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Athens, Greece), 1922, 106.4.1. Letter from Colonel A.C. Corfe from 26 April 1921.Google Scholar

39. Some of the best-known historians are Georgi Aianov, Narodnosten lik na Zapadna Trakiia (Burgas: Kulturno biagotvoriteino druzhestvo “Trakiia”, 1942); Ivan Altânov, Mezhdusâiuznicheska Trakiia; Ivan Batakliev, Zapadna ili Belomorska Trakiia (Sofia: 1946); Dimitâr Iaranov, “Belomorska Trakiia i Primorska Makedoniia,” GSU-IFF, Vol. 34, 1937–1938, pp. 1–139; Ivan Ormandzhiev, Trakiyskiiat vâpros kato kumir na bâlgarskata dârzhava (Sofia: Trakiyski Vârhoven Izpâlnitelen Komitet, 1929); Anastas Razboynikov, Obezbâlgariavaneto na Zapadna Trakiia; Stoiu Shishkov, Trakiia predi i sled evropeyskata voyna (Plovdiv: Izdatelstvo “Hr. G. Danov,” 1922); Hristo Vakarelski, “Bit na trakiyskite i maloaziyskite bâlgari,” Trakiyski sbornik, Vol. 5, Part 1, 1935; Ivan Batakliev, Anastas Razboynikov and Ivan Ormandzhiev, Trakiia. Geografski i istoricheski pregled (Sofia: Pechatnitsa “Boris Kozhuk harov”, 1946); Beshevliev edited the Bulgarian newspaper Belomorski pregled when Bulgaria occupied Aegean (Greek) Thrace in 1941.Google Scholar

40. Dimitrov, Nastaniavane i ozemliavane na bâlgarskite bezhantsi, p. 164. In one example, the wealthy real estate owners in Salonica sold their property at market value before migration and transferred considerable money to Bulgaria. IAYE, 1923.21.4.1. Letter from the Greek representative in the Mixed Commission from 10 March 1923 concerning Bulgarian properties in Salonica.Google Scholar

41. Anastas Ishirkov, Zapadna Trakiia i dogovorât za mir v Nioy (Sofia: s.n., 1920).Google Scholar

42. Dimitrov, Nastaniavane i ozemliavane na bâlgarskite bezhantsi, p. 19; Trifonov, Trakiia, p. 212.Google Scholar

43. Trifonov, Trakiia, pp. 162–247.Google Scholar

44. For the policies of the Union, see John D. Bell, Peasants in Power: Alexander Stamboliski and the Bulgarian Agrarian National Union, 1899–1923 (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1977); Nissan Oren, Revolution Administered: Agrarianism and Communism in Bulgaria (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1973). The most systematic account of refugee policies in Bulgaria remains Dimitrov, Nastaniavane i ozemliavane na bâlgarskite bezhantsi. Google Scholar

45. The Law for Refugee Settlement and Occupation secured transportation, waivers of postage and telegram fees, and duty free import of mobile property. Efforts were made for the distribution of seeds, agricultural equipment, animals, and the building of refugee villages. Dârzhaven vestnik, 21 December 1920.Google Scholar

46. With the Landed Property Law, the government established a land fund for landless farmers, including the refugees. See Dârzhaven vestnik, 12 May 1921.Google Scholar

47. Dimitrov, Nastaniavane i ozemliavane na bâlgarskite bezhantsi, pp. 38–44.Google Scholar

48. This trend is reflected in the new Land and Farm Law from July 1924. See Dârzhaven vestnik, 26 July 1924, found in Dimitrov, Nastaniavane i ozemliavane na bâlgarskite bezhantsi, p. 79.Google Scholar

49. TsDA, f. 176 k, op. 9, a.e. 389, 849, and 1560; ibid., op. 27, a.e. 26, ll. 1–3. Ministerial Order from September 1923 concerning the housing crisis regulated the refugee allocation in big cities but much confusion remained. See also Mixed Commission, Memorandum, p. 13.Google Scholar

50. Shivachev, “Bezhanskiiat vâpros v Plovdivski okrâg,” pp. 188, 193.Google Scholar

51. Dimitrov, Nastaniavane i ozemliavane na bâlgarskite bezhantsi, p. 98.Google Scholar

52. TsDA, f. 176 k, op. 12, a.e. 33, ll. 10–11. The Ministry of Interior to all District, Country, and City Administrations and Refugee Organizations in the country from 19 May 1924; Ibid., a.e. 17, l. 2. The Ministry of Interior to the District Chief in the country from 2 July 1924; ibid., a.e. 35, l. 185. Telegram of the Ministry of the Interior to the Burgas Regional Chief from 16 July 1924; Dimitrov, Nastaniavane i ozemliavane na bâlgarskite bezhantsi, p. 81.Google Scholar

53. TsDA, f. 176 k, op. 12, a.e. 35, l. 165. Memo of the Ministry of the Interior from 17 March 1925; ibid., op. 4, a.e. 2885, l. 141–144. Letter of the Bulgarian Representative in the Mixed Commission from 24 January 1925; ibid., op.5, a.e. 184, ll. 292–293. “Order for the expropriation of the lands of the persons of Greek origin, filed a declaration for emigration” from 24 February 1925. For the number of Greek immigrants in the interwar period, see Xantippi Kotzageorgi, ed., Oi Ellines tis Voulgarias. Ena istoriko tmima tou periphereiakou ellinismou (Thessaloniki: IMHA, 1999), p. 229. It should be noted that this number included not only interwar immigrants but also refugees from 1906 who were also entitled to file declarations for compensation under the Convention for Emigration.Google Scholar

54. For the number of Muslim immigrants, see R. J. Crampton, “The Turks in Bulgaria, 1878–1944,” in K.H. Karpat, ed., The Turks of Bulgaria: The History, Culture and Political Fate of a Minority (Istanbul: Isis Press, 1990), pp. 43–78, at p. 61. For official policies towards the Muslim minorities in Bulgaria (including ethnic Turks but also Muslim Bulgarians), see Ali Eminov, Turkish and Other Muslim Minorities of Bulgaria (New York: Routledge, 1997); Mary Neuburger, The Orient Within. Muslim Minorities and the Negotiation of Nationhood in Modern Bulgaria (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2004).Google Scholar

55. TsDA, f. 176 k, op. 4, a.e. 3025, l. 158.Google Scholar

56. Dimitrov, Nastaniavane i ozemliavane na bâlgarskite bezhantsi, p. 123.Google Scholar

57. League of Nations, Settlement of Bulgarian Refugees (Geneva: Imp. Jent S.A., 1926).Google Scholar

58. Times from 10 May 1925, quoted in Dimitrov, Nastaniavane i ozemliavane na bâlgarskite bezhantsi, pp. 108–109. See also League of Nations, Settlement of Bulgarian Refugees; Royal Bulgarian Legation in Switzerland, “Letter from the Bulgarian Charge d'Affaires at Berne to the Secretary-General of the League of Nations from 3 May 1926,” in League of Nations, Scheme for the Settlement of Bulgarian Refugees. General Description and Principal Documents (Lausanne: Imp. Réunies S.A., 1926), pp. 11–12.Google Scholar

59. L. Kramer, Dneshnoto polozhenie na bâlgarskite bezhantsi (Sofia: s.n, 1925); Dimitrov, Nastaniavane i ozemliavane na bâlgarskite bezhantsi, pp. 113, 131.Google Scholar

60. League of Nations, Scheme for the Settlement of Bulgarian Refugees, p. 7. The League of Nations concluded, “the execution of this plan will not only alleviate the widespread suffering but will also benefit economic and social order within Bulgaria, and consolidate and improve the political relations of Bulgaria with neighbouring countries.” League of Nations, Settlement of Bulgarian Refugees, p. 2.Google Scholar

61. Dârzhaven vestnik, 15 October 1926.Google Scholar

62. Glavna direktsia, Selskostopanskoto nastaniavane na bezhantsite, p. 49.Google Scholar

63. Dârzhaven vestnik, 18 December 1926; Glavna direktsia, Selskostopanskoto nastaniavane na bezhantsite, pp. 55–57; League of Nations, Scheme for the Settlement of Bulgarian Refugees, p. 8.Google Scholar

64. Glavna direktsia, Selskostopanskoto nastaniavane na bezhantsite, pp. 62, 196–197.Google Scholar

65. Dimitrov, , Nastaniavane i ozemliavane na bâlgarskite bezhantsi, pp. 174, 176–177.Google Scholar

66. League of Nations, Bulgarian Stabilization Loan. Protocols and Annexes (Geneva: Imp. Kundig, 1928).Google Scholar

67. In the late 1920s, the Greek government linked its payments to the Bulgarian reparations and terminated payments when the Bulgarian government put a moratorium on the reparations. See Dimitrov, Iliuzii i deystvitelnost. Google Scholar

68. Dârzhaven vestnik, 18 December 1926; Dimitrov, Nastaniavane i ozemliavane na bâlgarskite bezhantsi, p. 154. For the refugees from Turkey, see Kumanov, M., “Vâzstanoviavane na diplomaticheskite otnosheniia mezhdu Bâlgariia i Turtsiia 1923–1926,” Istoricheski pregled, Vol. 2, 1971, pp. 69–82; Dimitrov, Nastaniavane i ozemliavane na bâlgarskite bezhantsi, pp. 183–184, 223–225.Google Scholar

69. IAYE, 1930/A/6. Reports from the Greek Embassy concerning this development. See also Dimitrov, Nastaniavane i ozemliavane na bâlgarskite bezhantsi, pp. 219–226.Google Scholar

70. Dimitrov, Nastaniavane i ozemliavane na bâlgarskite bezhantsi, p. 216; Crampton, A Short History of Bulgaria, p. 168.Google Scholar

71. Kuzmanova, Ot Nioy do Krayova. For the Turkish minority in Dobrudzha, see Crampton, “The Turks in Bulgaria, 1878–1944.”Google Scholar

72. Daskalov, Bâlgarite v Egeyska Makedoniia; Daskalov, Uchastta na bâlgarite v Egeyska Makedoniia; Stoianova, “Etnodemografskata politika na Bâlgariia”; Xanthipi Kotzageorgi and Georgios Kazamias, “The Bulgarian Occupation of the Prefecture of Drama (1941–1944) and its Consequences on the Greek Population,” Balkan Studies, Vol. 35, No. 1, 1994, pp. 81–112; Kotzageorgi-Zymari, I Voulgariki katochi stin Anatoliki Makedonia kai ti Thraki. Google Scholar

73. The organization further elaborates, “[The refugees in Bulgaria] have constituted a serious factor both in the interior politics and the external relations of Bulgaria. Internally they have naturally formed the material ready to hand for any revolutionary or disruptive forces threatening the social order. In the external relations they have been no less serious. They have given recruits, and shelter, to the comitadjis, whose activities have led to so many frontier incidents.” League of Nations, Scheme for the Settlement of Bulgarian Refugees, p. 5.Google Scholar

74. Nezavisima Makedoniia, 20 March 1925.Google Scholar

75. Mixed Commission, Memorandum, pp. 11, 14.Google Scholar

76. Nezavisima Makedoniia, 20 March 1925.Google Scholar

77. Compare accounts in the newspapers Makedoniia and Trakiia in 1923–1924 and then 1926–1928. The focus shifts from criticism of the Greek and Yugoslav expulsion of Bulgarian minorities to the need of permanent settlement. Of course, the topic of the Bulgarian minorities never disappeared but it was treated with much more urgency in the first years.Google Scholar

78. Nezavisima Makedoniia, 20 March 1923.Google Scholar

79. Georgi Dimitrov, Nastaniavane i ozemliavane na bâlgarskite bezhantsi, pp. 168 n., 185, 196. Numerous refugees had already settled in the zone yet possessed no land, but resettlement would cause technical difficulties and psychological distress, so Charron silently ignored this rule.Google Scholar

80. Makedoniia, 29 November 1926, quoted in Dimitrov, Nastaniavane i ozemliavane na bâlgarskite bezhantsi, p. 156.Google Scholar

81. For a list of refugee associations and their press, see Georgi Markov et al., eds, Almanah na bâlgarskite natsionalni dvizheniia sled 1878 (Sofia: Akademichno izdatelstvo “Marin Drinov,” 2005), pp. 105–224.Google Scholar

82. IAYE, 1923, 21.4.1. Report of the Greek Representative in the Mixed Commission from 19 September 1923.Google Scholar

83. IAYE, 1921, 12.6. Report from the Greek representative in the Mixed Commission from 29 June 1921.Google Scholar

84. These declarations (6,000 solely from Greece) became an important issue in the negotiations between Greece and Bulgaria. See Mixed Commission, Memorandum; Dimitrov, Iliuzii i deystvitelnost. Google Scholar

85. IAYE, 1922, 107.3.2. Report of the Greek representative from 26 March 1922; IAYE, 1925, G/63.2. Report from the Greek Embassy in Sofia from 12 June 1925.Google Scholar

86. K. Popov, Bezhanskiiat vâpros (Sofia: s.n., 1925), pp. 12–13, quoted in Dimitrov, Nastaniavane i ozemliavane na bâlgarskite bezhantsi, p. 104.Google Scholar

87. Dimitrov, Nastaniavane i ozemliavane na bâlgarskite bezhantsi, p. 77.Google Scholar

88. Ibid., p. 99.Google Scholar

89. League of Nations, Scheme for the Settlement of Bulgarian Refugees, p. 37; Dimitrov, Nastaniavane i ozemliavane na bâlgarskite bezhantsi, pp. 158–159.Google Scholar

90. In 1927, the Directorate initiated resettlement from the densely populated Plovdiv and Stanimaka areas into the less crowded Elhovo, Burgas, and Kârdzhali districts. Shivachev, “Bezhanskiiat vâpros v Plovdivski okrâg,” p. 186.Google Scholar

91. Dimitrov, Nastaniavane i ozemliavane na bâlgarskite bezhantsi, pp. 158–160.Google Scholar

92. Kosatev, “Nastaniavane na bezhantsite v Burgaski okrâg,” pp. 61, 67.Google Scholar

93. Dimitrov, Nastaniavane i ozemliavane na bâlgarskite bezhantsi, p. 169.Google Scholar

94. Nezavisima Makedoniia, 4 July 1924.Google Scholar

95. Ibid., 12 August 1923, 2 May 1924, 15 August 1924 and 24 October 1924; Trakiia, 1 November 1923, 22 November 1923, 24 January 1924, 24 April 1924, 19 June 1924 and 19 August 1924.Google Scholar

96. Nezavisima Makedoniia, 12 December 1924.Google Scholar

97. Letter to the chief of the refugee bureau G. Petrov, most likely from March 1921, quoted in Dimitrov, Nastaniavane i ozemliavane na bâlgarskite bezhantsi, p. 48.Google Scholar

98. Trakiia, 24 January 1924.Google Scholar

99. Shivachev, “Bezhanskiiat vâpros v Plovdivski okrâg,” p. 189; Dimitrov, Nastaniavane i ozemliavane na bâlgarskite bezhantsi, pp. 34, 51.Google Scholar

100. Many disputes emerged in regards to the properties of Greek emigrants, and incidents in the Burgas district show the stubborn resistance of local authorities to the refugee settlement. See Kosatev, “Nastaniavane na bezhantsite v Burgaski okrâg,” p. 61.Google Scholar

101. Dimitrov, Nastaniavane i ozemliavane na bâlgarskite bezhantsi, pp. 158–159.Google Scholar

102. Ibid., p. 160.Google Scholar

103. Trakiia, 13 December 1928, found in Dimitrov, Nastaniavane i ozemliavane na bâlgarskite bezhantsi, p. 171. See also League of Nations, Scheme for the Settlement of Bulgarian Refugees, p. 13.Google Scholar

104. Trakiia, 19 June 1924 and 26 June 1924; Nezavisima Mekedoniia, 15 August 1924.Google Scholar

105. Trakiia, 26 June 1924.Google Scholar

106. Ibid., 16 October 1924 and 9 October 1924.Google Scholar

107. Ibid., 19 August 1924.Google Scholar

108. Rakshieva, “Istinskite trakiytsi.” For a similar development among the Asia Minor refugees in Greece, see Hirschon, Heirs of the Greek Catastrophe. For the Pontian Greeks, see Vergeti, Apo ton Ponto stin Ellada; Marantzidis, Giasasin Millet/Zito to ethnos. Prosphygia, katochi kai emphylios. Google Scholar

109. Trakiia, 19 August 1924.Google Scholar

110. For such assertions in the case of the refugees from Aegean (Greek) Thrace and their self-designation as the “true Thracians,” see Rakshieva, “Istinskite trakiytsi.”Google Scholar

111. Nezavisima Makedoniia, 15 August 1924.Google Scholar