Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-q99xh Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-26T01:24:27.285Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Bridging Past and Present Traumas: The Emergence of Kosovo Serb Ethnoscape in the Dynamic Interaction between the Enclaved Environment and History Textbooks’ Content

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  13 June 2019

Emilie Fort*
Affiliation:
Department of Political Science, Laval University, Québec, Canada
*
*Corresponding author. Email: [email protected]

Abstract

This article deals with the use of history textbooks imported from Serbia in the specific context of Kosovo Serb enclavement. It provides a content analysis of history textbooks used by Kosovo Serb pupils in Kosovo in terms of their contribution to Kosovo Serb collective identity building. This article focuses on the interaction between the enclaved environment within which Kosovo Serbs have lived since 1999 and the narratives contained in the history textbooks, to highlight how this interaction influences the way Kosovo Serbs consider their identity. First, I start by showing that history textbooks used by Kosovo Serbs in Kosovo emphasize religious identity. Next, I argue that dialogic relation between past and present, understood through the dynamic interaction between the enclaved environment and history textbook narratives, contributes to the emergence of enclaves as ethnoscapes.

Type
Article
Copyright
© Association for the Study of Nationalities 2019

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Antić, Čedomir, and Bondžić, Mirjana. 2012. Istorija 7. Belgrade: Logos.Google Scholar
Apparudai, Arjun. 1990. “Disjuncture and Difference in the Global Cultural Economy.” Theory, Culture Society 7: 295310.Google Scholar
Arraiza, José-María. 2014. “Language Education Policies in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Macedonia and Kosovo. Different Path towards Separate Roads: The Language Education Policies Resulting from the Dayton, Ohrid and Ahtisaari Comprehensive Agreements.” Europäisches Journal für Minderheitenfragen 7 (1): 829.Google Scholar
Balkans Policy Research Group. 2015.“Serb Integration in Kosovo after the Brussels Agreement.” Pristina: Balkans Policy Research Group. http://www.balkansgroup.org/blog/post/publications/serb-integration-kosovo-after-brussels-agreement.Google Scholar
Bar-Tal, Daniel. 2013. Intractable Conflicts: Socio-psychological Foundations and Dynamics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Baranovicé, Branislava. 2001. “History Textbooks in Post-war Bosnia and Herzegovina.” Intercultural Education 12 (1): 1326.Google Scholar
Bataković, Dušan T. 2008.Kosovo, un conflit sans fin? Lausanne: L’Age d’Homme.Google Scholar
Bataković, Dušan T. 2009. Istorija 7. Belgrade: Zavod za udžbenike.Google Scholar
Billig, Michael. 1995. Banal Nationalism. New York: Sage.Google Scholar
Bojan, Elek. 2013. “Limits of Ethnic Bargaining: Serbian Enclaves in Kosovo.” Master’s thesis, Central European University.Google Scholar
Brachet, Julien. 2005. “Perceptions de l’enclavement dans une oasis saharienne du Nord Niger ”/“Perceptions of Isolation in a Saharan Oasis in the North Niger.” [In French]. Espace Populations Sociétés 1: 99109.Google Scholar
Bush, Kenneth D., and Saltarelli, Diana, eds. 2000. The Two Faces of Education in Ethnic Conflict: Towards a Peacebuilding Education for Children. Florence: United Nations Children’s Fund, Innocenti Research Centre.Google Scholar
Crawford, Keith. 2003. “The Role and Purpose of Textbooks.” International Journal of Historical Learning, Teaching and Research 3 (2): 512.Google Scholar
Di Lellio, Anna, Fridman, Orli, Hercigonja, Srđan, and Hoxha, Abit. 2017. Fostering a Critical Account of History in Kosovo: Engaging with History Teachers’ Narratives of the Second World War. Belgrade: Center for Comparative Conflict Studies at the Faculty of Media and Communications.Google Scholar
Dimou, Augusta, ed. 2009. “Transition” and the Politics of History Education in Southeast Europe. Gottingen: V&R Unipress.Google Scholar
Đorđe, Đurić, and Momčilo, Pavlović. 2010. Istorija 8. Belgrade: Zavod za udžbenike.Google Scholar
Fridman, Orli. 2015. “Unstructured Daily Encounters: Serbs in Kosovo after the 2008 Declaration of Independence.” Contemporary Southeastern Europe 2 (1): 173190.Google Scholar
Gashi, Shkëlzen. 2016. The History of Kosovo in the History Textbooks of Kosovo, Albania, Serbia, Montenegro and Macedonia. Pristina, Kosovo: Alter Habitus Institute.Google Scholar
Germen-Janmaat, Jan. 2004. “The Nation in Ukraine’s History Textbooks: A Civic, Ethnic or Cultural Cast?” Educate: The Journal of Doctoral Research in Education 4 (1): 715.Google Scholar
George, Martin J. 2014. “The Past as a Tool for the Present: The Role of History Education in the Western Balkans since the Second World War.” Master’s thesis, Utrecht University.Google Scholar
Greenberg, Jeff, Solomon, Sheldon, and Pyszcynski, Tom. 1997. “Terror Management Theory of Self-Esteem and Cultural Worldviews: Empirical Assessments and Conceptual Refinements.” In Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, vol. 29, edited by Zanna, Mark P., 61139. San Diego: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Guimond, Laurie. 2006. “Isolement et Identité: l’espace vécu dans deux communautés francophones de la Basse-Côte-Nord” [Identity and isolation: The living space in two Francophone communities of the Lower North Shore]. Master’s thesis, University of Ottawa.Google Scholar
Hogg, Michael A., and Mullin, Barbara A.. 1999. “Joining Groups to Reduce Uncertainty: Subjective Uncertainty Reduction and Group Identification.” In Social Identity and Social Cognition, edited by Dominic Abrams and Michael A. Hogg, 249269. Malden: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Hogg, Michael A. 2011. “Self-Uncertainty, Social Identity, and the Solace of Extremism Self Uncertainty, Social Identity, and the Solace of Extremism.” In Extremism and the Psychology of Uncertainty, edited by Hogg, Michael A. and Blaylock, Danielle L., 1935. Malden: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Janjetović, Zoran. 2002. “From Foe to Friend and Back: Albanians in Serbian History Textbooks 1918–2000.” Balkanologie 6 (1/2): 245260.Google Scholar
Jovanovic, Igorm, and Alic, Anes. 2018.“Caught between Pristina and Belgrade.” Zurich: Center for Security Studies. http://www.css.ethz.ch/en/services/digital-library/articles/article.html/109776/pdf.Google Scholar
Khan, Mujeeb R. 1996. “The ‘Other’ in the Balkans: Historical Constructions of Serbs and ‘Turks.’” Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs 16 (1): 4963.Google Scholar
Kirmanj, Sherko. 2014. “Kurdish History Textbooks: Building a Nation-State within a Nation-State.” Middle East Journal 68 (3): 367384.Google Scholar
Kolstø, Pal. 2006. “National Symbols as Signs of Unity and Division.” Ethnic and Racial Studies 29 (4): 676701.Google Scholar
Korostelina, Karina. 2010. “War of Textbooks: History Education in Russia and Ukraine.” Communist and Post-Communist Studies 43 (2): 129137.Google Scholar
Kostovicova, Denisa. 2005. Kosovo: The Politics of Identity and Space. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Koulouri, Christina, ed. 2002. Clio in the Balkans: The Politics of History Education. Thessalonica: Center for Democracy and Reconciliation in Southeast Europe.Google Scholar
Lange, Matthew. 2012. Educations in Ethnic Violence: Identity, Education Bubbles, and Resource Mobilization. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Lopandić, Duško, and Petrović, Ivana. 2012. Istorija 5. Belgrade: Logos.Google Scholar
Marinković, Mirjana. 2016, “Stojanović u Novom Brdu zatražio veću bezbednost za Srbe,” RTK Live, March 21. http://www.rtklive.com/rtk2/?id=2&r=5298.Google Scholar
Massey, Garth, Hodson, Randy, and Sekulic, Dusko. 1999. “Ethnic Enclaves and Intolerance: The Case of Yugoslavia.” Social Forces 78 (2): 669693.Google Scholar
Aktiv, NGO. 2016. “The Opportunities for Involvement of Serb Community in the Process of EU Integration of Kosovo.” Policy brief, Platform for Analysis and Research. Gračanica: NGO Aktiv and Center for Peace and Tolerance. http://www.ngoaktiv.org/publication/the-opportunities-for-the-involvement-of-the-serbian-community-into-the-process-of-eu-integration-of-kosovoGoogle Scholar
Nies, Susan. 2003. “Les enclaves: ‘volcans’ éteints ou en activité.” Revue internationale et stratégique 49 (1): 111120.Google Scholar
Offe, Claus. 1998. “‘Homogeneity’ and Constitutional Democracy: Coping with Identity Conflicts through Group Rights.” Journal of Political Philosophy 6 (2): 113141.Google Scholar
Oldberg, Ingmar. 2000. “The Emergence of a Regional Identity in the Kaliningrad Oblast.” Cooperation and Conflict 35 (3): 269288.Google Scholar
Petersen, Roger D. 2002. Understanding Ethnic Violence: Fear, Hatred, and Resentment in Twentieth-Century Eastern Europe. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Pierre, Alexia. 2015. “Etude de la mise en œuvre des principes supranationaux de prévention des conflits armés. L’exemple du système éducatif primaire de Pristina (Kosovo).” PhD diss., University of Liège.Google Scholar
Pingel, Falk. 2010. UNESCO Guidebook on Textbook Research and Textbook Revision. 2nd rev. ed. Paris: Eckert.Google Scholar
Pinos, Jaume Castan. 2009. “Identity Challenges Affecting the Spanish Enclaves of Ceuta and Melilla.” In “2008 European Conference of the Association of Borderland Studies,” special issue, Nordlit 24: 65–80.Google Scholar
Rade, Mihaljčić. 2008. Istorija 6. Belgrade: Zavod za udžbenike.Google Scholar
Ramanathapillai, Rajmohan. 2012. “Past Traumas and Present Suffering: Consequences of Buddhist Narratives in the Sri Lankan Peace Process.” Journal of South Asian Studies 35 (4): 832857.Google Scholar
Repoussi, Maria, and Tutiaux-Guillon, Nicole. 2010. “New Trends in History Textbook Research: Issues and Methodologies toward a School Historiography.” Journal of Educational Media, Memory, and Society 2 (1): 154170.Google Scholar
Sako, Natalija. 2013. “Serbia’s Government Breaking Its Ties with the Church.” Unpublished paper. https://www.dmjx.dk/sites/default/files/pdf/international/eitw_2013_religion_in_erbia.pdf.Google Scholar
Sian, Katy Pal. 2013. “Losing My Religion: Sikhs in the UK.” Sikh Formations: Religion, Culture, Theory 9 (1): 3950.Google Scholar
Simić, Predrag, and Petrović, Ivana. 2016. Istorija 8. Belgrade: Logos.Google Scholar
Smirnov Brkić, Aleksandra. 2011. Istorija 5. Belgrade: Zavod za udžbenike.Google Scholar
Smith, Anthony D. 1999a. Myths and Memories of the Nation. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Smith, Anthony D. 1999b. “Sacred Territories and National Conflict.” Israel Affairs 5 (4): 1331.Google Scholar
Smith, Charles P. 2000. “Content Analysis and Narrative Analysis.” InHandbook of Research Methods in Social and Personality Psychology edited by Harry T. Reis and Charles M. Judd, 313–338. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Stojanović, Dubravka. 2007. “Serbia: History to Order.” Chalkboard. March 20. http://chalkboard.tol.org/serbia-history-to-order/.Google Scholar
Stojanović, Dubravka. 2009. “Slow Burning: History Textbooks in Serbia, 1993–2008.” In “Transition” and the Politics of History Education in Southeast Europe, edited by Augusta Dimou, 141158. Gottingen: V&R Unipress.Google Scholar
Takei, Milton. 1998. “Collective Memory as the Key to National and Ethnic Identity: The Case of Cambodia.” Nationalism and Ethnic Politics 4 (3): 5978.Google Scholar
Toft, Monica Duffy. 2002. “Indivisible Territory, Geographic Concentration, and Ethnic War.” Security Studies 12 (2): 82119.Google Scholar
Trošt, Tamara Pavasović. 2014. “A Personality Cult Transformed: The Evolution of Tito’s Image in Serbian and Croatian Textbooks, 1974–2010.” Studies in Ethnicity and Nationalism 14 (1): 146170.Google Scholar
Turner, John C., A. Hogg, Michael, Penelope J. Oakes, Stephen D. Reicher, and Margaret S. Wetherell. 1987. Rediscovering the Social Group: A Self-Categorization Theory. Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Van der Borgh, Chris. 2012. “Resisting International State Building in Kosovo.” Problems of Post-Communism 59 (2): 3142.Google Scholar
Vaughan, Jill. 2016. “Landscapes of the Irish Language: Discursive Constructions of Authenticity in the Irish Diaspora.” Irish Journal of Applied Social Studies 16 (1): 5575.Google Scholar
Vekić-Kočić, Marija, Kočić, Dragoljub, and Lopandić, Duško, 2016. Istorija 6. Belgrade: Logos.Google Scholar
Verkuyten, Maykel, and Yildiz, Ali Aslan. 2007. “National (Dis)identification and Ethnic and Religious Identity: A Study Among Turkish-Dutch Muslims.” Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 33 (10): 14481462.Google Scholar
Vinokurov, Evgeny. 2007. A Theory of Enclaves. Lanham: Lexington Books.Google Scholar
Volkan, Vamik. 1997. Bloodlines: From Ethnic Pride to Ethnic Terrorism. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux.Google Scholar
Volkan, Vamik. 2013. “Large-Group-Psychology in Its Own Right: Large-Group Identity and Peace-making.” International Journal of Applied Psychoanalytic Studies 10 (3): 210246.Google Scholar
Zanforlin, Sofia Cavalcanti. 2016. “From Diaspora to Ethnoscapes: Diversity and Belongingness in Transnational Migrations.” MATRIZes 10 (3): 189202.Google Scholar
Zlatanović, Sanja. 2011. “Diskurzivno oblikovanje ‘drugih’: srpska zajednica jugoistočnog Kosova u posleratnom kontekstu” / “Discursive Construction of ‘Others’: The Serbian Community in Southeast Kosovo in the Post-War Context”]. Bulletin of the Institute of Ethnography SASA 2: 7999.Google Scholar