Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-vdxz6 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-25T04:01:57.315Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Strength in diversity: multiple memories of the Soviet past in the Russian Communist Party (CPRF), 1993–2004

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 November 2018

Antony Kalashnikov
Antony Kalashnikov*
Affiliation:
Faculty of History, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
*
∗Email: [email protected]
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

This paper investigates collective memory of the Soviet experiment in the narratives of the Communist Party of the Russian Federation (CPRF), in the period of 1993–2004. My research finds that ideological differences within the CPRF led to the creation of multiple and contrasting depictions of the Soviet past in the discourse of its leaders. Challenging dominant assumptions, I argue that these differences did not conflict and undermine one another, but were structured to strengthen the public appeal of the CPRF. The paper adds empirical findings to the study of the CPRF and of collective memory at the (so far underdeveloped) level of public organizations. The paper also challenges the prevailing assumption that diverging historical narratives necessarily imply conflict and contestation.

Keywords

Communist Party of the Russian FederationCPRFmemorymemory warsSoviet historyfactionalism
Type
Articles
Information
Nationalities Papers , Volume 45 , Issue 3 , May 2017 , pp. 370 - 392
Copyright
Copyright © 2017 Association for the Study of Nationalities 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

References

Arsen'ev, K. 1997. “24 oktiabria v S-Peterburge, v Tekhnicheskom universitete….” Biulleten’ Levogo informtsentra 302 (43) (October).Google Scholar
Avaliani, Teimuraz. 1998. “Kommentarii T. Avaliani k pis'mu Prezidiuma TsK KPRF.” Biulleten’ Levogo informtsentra 323 (12) (March).Google Scholar
Belov, Iurii. 1996a. “Odna Rossiia, nam drugoi ne znat'.” Sovetskaia Rossiia, November 23.Google Scholar
Belov, Iurii. 1996b. “Rossiia dolzhna sosredotochitsia.” Sovetskaia Rossiia, October 1.Google Scholar
Belov, Iurii. 1996c. “‘Vdumat'sia v svoe proshloe.’ XX s“ezd: Stalin i Khrushchev.” Sovetskaia Rossiia, February 24.Google Scholar
Belov, Iurii. 1997. “Udary po stvolu.” Sovetskaia Rossiia, March 19.Google Scholar
Belov, Iurii. 1998a. “Neobychnaia voina.” Sovetskaia Rossiia, December 10.Google Scholar
Belov, Iurii. 1998b. “U perepravy: KPRF, kak i vsia Rossiia, nakanune surovykh ispytanii.” Sovetskaia Rossiia, June 18.Google Scholar
Belov, Iurii. 1999a. “Na rasput'e. Grekhi i mucheniia intelligentsii.” Sovetskaia Rossiia, November 16.Google Scholar
Belov, Iurii. 1999b. “Razberem delo, kak ono est'.” Sovetskaia Rossiia, March 25.Google Scholar
Belov, Iurii. 1999c. “Russkii putnik.” Zavtra, March 23.Google Scholar
Belov, Iurii. 1999d. “Sim pobedishi (o edinstve sotsializma i patriotizma).” Sovetskaia Rossiia, August 19.Google Scholar
Belov, Iurii. 2000a. “Istoriiu ne obmanesh’ (Rossiia i russkii narod).” Sovetskaia Rossiia, July 6.Google Scholar
Belov, Iurii. 2000b. “S planety SSSR: Sovetskii chelovek v labirinte istorii.” Sovetskaia Rossiia, November 16.Google Scholar
Belov, Iurii. 2001a. “Krestonostsy. Razmyshleniia nad knigoi Stivena Koena – chestnogo amerikantsa.” Sovetskaia Rossiia, July 5.Google Scholar
Belov, Iurii. 2001b. “Na semi vetrakh. Otvet moim kritikam.” Sovetskaia Rossiia, February 22.Google Scholar
Belov, Iurii. 2003a. “Ispolin. Stalin i russkii vopros.” Sovetskaia Rossiia, March 4.Google Scholar
Belov, Iurii. 2003b. “Vechno zhivoe sovetskoe soznanie.” Sovetskaia Rossiia, November 6.Google Scholar
Belov, Iurii. 2004. “Razmezhevanie neizbezhno. K X s“ezdu KPRF.” Sovetskaia Rossiia, February 17.Google Scholar
Bindiukov, Nikolai. 1998. “O pozitsii KPRF po natsional'nomu voprosu.” PartArkhiv INDEM online archive, February 14.Google Scholar
Bindiukov, Nikolai. 1999. “Na puti sotrudnichestva.” Duma: Izdanie fraktsii KPRF v Gosudarstvennoi Dume FS RF, February 17.Google Scholar
Bindiukov, Nikolai. 2004. Globalizatsiia i Rossiia: paradigm, sotsial'no-politichestkii aspect, strategiia levykh sil. Moscow: ITRK.Google Scholar
Bindiukov, Nikolai, and Lopata, Petr. 1999. Osobaia Tret'ia Sila – novyi politicheskii fenomen. Moscow: ITRK.Google Scholar
Biulleten’ Levogo Informtsentra. 1998. “28 oktiabria v Gosudarstvennoi Dume proshla press-konferentsiia V. I. Iliukhina.” Biulleten’ Levogo informtsentra 355 (44) (October).Google Scholar
Biulleten’ Levogo Informtsentra. 2000. “30 noiabria v Gosudarstvennoi Dume proshla press-konferentsiia rukovoditelei fraktsii KPRF.” Biulleten’ Levogo informtsentra 463 (49) (December).Google Scholar
Biulleten’ Levogo informtsentra. 2000. “Zasedanie politkluba MGO RKP-KPSS.” Biulleten’ Levogo informtsentra 424 (7) (February–March).Google Scholar
CPRF (Group of unnamed deputies of the Communist Party of the Russian Federation, led by Avaliani, Teimuraz). 1998. “Obrashchenie v Prezidium TsK KPRF.” PartArkhiv INDEM online archive, March 10.Google Scholar
Demidenko, Mikhail, Sigida, Adelaida, and Chernega, Iurii. 2002. “Nikto ne zabyt i nikem ne zabyt.” Kommersant', May 8.Google Scholar
Iliukhin, Viktor. 1995. Spasti Rossiiu. Stat'i vystupleniia, analitichestie materialy, pis'ma predsedatelia Komiteta Gosudarstvennoi Dumy po bezopasnosti. Moscow: Unita.Google Scholar
Iliukhin, Viktor. 1998a. “Press-konferentsiia V. Iliukhina.” Biulleten’ Levogo informtsentra 347 (36) (September).Google Scholar
Iliukhin, Viktor. 1998b. “Vremia trudnykh reshenii.” Pravda Rossii, July 30.Google Scholar
Iliukhin, Viktor. 2004. “Rossiia gibnet v nechistotakh kapitalizma.” Pravda, September 9.Google Scholar
Kosolapov, Richard. 1996. “Epokhal'noe nichtozhestvo.” In Iudenno Semia, 34–43. Moscow: Richard Kosolapov.Google Scholar
Kemerovskii oblastnoi komitet KPRF. 1998. “Obrashchenie plenuma Kemerovskogo obkoma KPRF (1)….” Biulleten’ Levogo informtsentra 331 (20) (May).Google Scholar
Kosolapov, Richard. 1997. “Bez teorii nam smert'.” Zavtra, December 16.Google Scholar
Kosolapov, Richard. 1998. “Nezagadochnyi Stalin.” Sovetskaia Rossiia, January 15.Google Scholar
Kosolapov, Richard. 2000. Stalin i Lenin. Moscow: ZAO Gazeta Pravda.Google Scholar
Kosolapov, Richard. 2001. “Uverenno torit’ tropu v budushchee. Doklad R. Kosolapova.” PartArkhiv INDEM online archive, July 21.Google Scholar
Kosolapov, Richard. 2004. Istina iz Rossii. Tver': Severnaia Korona.Google Scholar
Kosolapov, Richard, and Khlebnikov, I. 1999. “Kommunisty protiv ‘kontsa istorii'.” Izm 22 (2).Google Scholar
Kosolapov, Richard, Damie, V., Dzarsov, S., and Kraush, T. 1998. “Zasedanie diskussionnogo kluba ‘Dialog'.” Biulleten’ Levogo informtsentra 328 (17) (April).Google Scholar
Kuptsov, Valentin. 1999. “Pakhar’ izbiratel'nogo polia …” Pravda, October 14.Google Scholar
Kuptsov, Valentin. 2001a. “Doklad Pervogo zamestitelia Predsedatelia TsK KPRF V. A. Kuptsova: KPRF na poroge XX veka.” PartArkhiv INDEM online archive, April 13.Google Scholar
Kuptsov, Valentin. 2001b. V. A. Kuptsov. Izbrannye vystupleniia (1991–2001). Moscow: Parad.Google Scholar
Kuptsov, Valentin. 2003. “Samyi trudnyi s'ezd.” Pravda Rossii, February 5.Google Scholar
Luk'ianov, Anatolii. 1999. V vodovorote rossiiskoi smuty (razmyshleniia, dialogi, dokumenty). Moscow: Kniga i biznes.Google Scholar
Luk'ianov, Anatolii. 2001. “Zhal', chto ia byl v tiur'me.” Vek, December 7.Google Scholar
Makashov, Al'bert. 1997. “Vystuplenie A. Makashova na V s'ezde VOS.” Dela voennye – Duel, June 17.Google Scholar
Makashov, Al'bert. 1998. “Partiinyi tupik.” Zavtra, June 16.Google Scholar
Makashov, Al'bert, and Prosvirinii, Aleksei. 1999. “Monakh i voin.” Zavtra, January 19.Google Scholar
Masliukov, Iurii. 1996. “Iurii Masliukov: ‘Reformy – eto razvitie.’ Dialog Aleksandra Prokhanova s Iuriem Masliukovym.” Zavtra, August 1.Google Scholar
Masliukov, Iurii. 1999. “Seans razoblacheniia.” Moskovskie novosti, February 14.Google Scholar
Masliukov, Iurii. 2000. “Smotret’ v budushchee (Strategiia promyshlennogo razvitiia strany).” Zavtra, September 5. Mel'nikov, Ivan. 1995. “Shag k ob“edineniiu.” Sovetskaia Rossiia, July 4.Google Scholar
Mel'nikov, Ivan. 2000a. “Bez bol'shoi nauki u rossii net budushchego.” Sovetskaia Rossiia, September 19.Google Scholar
Mel'nikov, Ivan. 2000b. “Shtab pobedy.” Zavtra, February 29. Monitor Polit. Ru. 1999. “Gennadii Ziuganov provel v Gosdume vstrechu s zhurnalistami.” PartArkhiv INDEM online archive, November 5.Google Scholar
Peshkov, Viktor. 2014. Interview with author. Moscow, September 14.Google Scholar
Peshkov, Viktor, Vasil'tsov, S., Komotskii, B., and Obukhov, S. 1998. Kommunisty: pravo na vlast'. Narodnoe vospriiatie. Moscow: Inform-Znanie.Google Scholar
Politicheskie Partii i Dvizheniia Sverdlovskoi Oblasti na Internete. 2000. “General Makashov v Ekaterinburge.” PartArkhiv INDEM online archive, February 19.Google Scholar
Rossii, Pravda. 1998. Ne boites’ prizrakov.” Pravda Rossii: Gazeta Kommunisticheskoi partii Rossiiskoi Federatsii, December 16.Google Scholar
RIA. 1996. “‘Stsenarii ekonomicheskogo razvitiia.” PartArkhiv INDEM online archive, June 27.Google Scholar
Safronchuk, Vasilii. 2000. “Oazis sleva. Trekhstoronniaia vstrecha v Tripoli.” Sovetskaia Rossiia, October 26.Google Scholar
Seleznev, Gennadii. 1996. “Novomu spikeru blizka shvedskaia model'.” Nezavisimaia Gazeta, January 19.Google Scholar
Seleznev, Gennadii. 1997. Vsia vlast’ –zakonu! Zakonodatel'stvo i traditsii ukaznogo prava v Rossii. Moscow: Gruppa Segodniia.Google Scholar
Seleznev, Gennadii. 1999. “G. Seleznev v programme ‘Geroi dnia’ (NTV).” PartArkhiv INDEM online archive, June 25.Google Scholar
Seleznev, Gennadii. 2000. “Novym putem – v novye vremena. Pochemu Rossii nuzhna ‘Rossiia'?” Gazeta Tribuna, August 25.Google Scholar
Seleznev, Gennadii. 2001. “Rossiiskomu parlamentu −95 let.” Parlamentskaia Gazeta, April 21.Google Scholar
Seleznev, Gennadii. 2002. “Gennadii Seleznev, predsedatel’ Gosudarstvennoi Dumy: Obrazovanie dolzhno stat’ prioritetnym.” Uchitel'skaia gazeta, March 27.Google Scholar
Seleznev, Gennadii, Tsoi, V., and Frants, A. 2000. Dvizhenie ‘Rossiia': vzgliad v budushchee. Moscow: Graal'.Google Scholar
Shabanov, Aleksandr, and Terekhov, Stanislav. 1994. Sovremennyi etap istoricheskogo spora o modeli razvitiia obshchestva. Moscow: Sistema.Google Scholar
Shabanov, Aleksandr, Sokolov, K., and Sivkov, K. 1997. Dukhovnaia bor'ba. Moscow: Izdatel'stvo Moskovskogo universiteta.Google Scholar
Ziuganov, Gennadii. 1994. Derzhava. Moscow: Informpechat'.Google Scholar
Ziuganov, Gennadii. 1995a. Sovremennaia Russkaia Ideia i Gosudarstvo. Moscow: RAU-Korporatsiia.Google Scholar
Ziuganov, Gennadii. 1995b. Za gorizontom. Moscow: Informpechat'.Google Scholar
Ziuganov, Gennadii. 1996a. Rossiia – rodina moia. Ideologiia gosudarstvennogo patriotizma. Moscow: Informpechat'.Google Scholar
Ziuganov, Gennadii. 1996b. “Smuta. Novye boiare gotovy prinesti interesy Rossii v zhertvu svoim interesam.” Elektronnaia versiia Nezavisimoi Gazety, October 17.Google Scholar
Ziuganov, Gennadii. 1996c. Znat’ i deistvovat': otvety na voprosy. Moscow: MP Paleia.Google Scholar
Ziuganov, Gennadii. 1997. Uroki zhizni. Moscow: Gennadii Ziuganov.Google Scholar
Ziuganov, Gennadii. 1998a. “K piatiletiiu KPRF.” PartArkhiv INDEM online archive, February 14.Google Scholar
Ziuganov, Gennadii. 1998b. Manifest NPSR. Politichestkii doklad Vtoromu s“ezdu narodno-patrio-ticheskogo Soiuza Rossii. Moscow: ZAO Gazeta Pravda.Google Scholar
Ziuganov, Gennadii. 1998c. “Rossiia budet velikoi svobodnoi derzhavoi. Narodno-patrioticheskii soiuz na poroge XXI veka.” Informatsionnyi biulleten’ KPRF, November 15.Google Scholar
Ziuganov, Gennadii. 1998d. “Vozrodim gosudarstvo Rossiiskoe.” Informatsionnyi biulleten’ KPRF, November 15.Google Scholar
Ziuganov, Gennadii. 1999a. “Front patriotov vystroen - kakovy poteri i obreteniia?” PartArkhiv INDEM online archive, September 15.Google Scholar
Ziuganov, Gennadii. 1999b. “Ni odin soldat ne vystupil by protiv pravitel'stva, podderzhannogo narodom.” Nezavisimaia Gazeta – Elektronnaia Versiia, August 12.Google Scholar
Ziuganov, Gennadii. 1999c. “Tselilis’ v kommunizm – popali v Rossiiu.” Sovetskaia Rossiia, October 7.Google Scholar
Ziuganov, Gennadii. 2000a. “Interv'iu lidera KPRF G. A. Ziuganova gazete ‘Derzhavnye vedomosti.“’ PartArkhiv INDEM online archive, August 5.Google Scholar
Ziuganov, Gennadii. 2000b. “Noiabr'skii monolog.” Sovetskaia Rossiia, November 28.Google Scholar
Ziuganov, Gennadii. 2000c. “Politicheskii otchet Tsentral'nogo Komiteta KPRF VII s'ezdu.” PartArkhiv INDEM online archive, December 2.Google Scholar
Ziuganov, Gennadii. 2000d. Postizhenie Rossii. Moscow: Mysl'.Google Scholar
Ziuganov, Gennadii. 2000e. “Tol'ko tak pobedim.” Sovetskaia Rossiia, November 4.Google Scholar
Ziuganov, Gennadii. 2001a. “Ziuganov: ot resheniia russkogo voprosa zavisit sud'ba nashego gosudarstva.” PartArkhiv INDEM online archive, May 29.Google Scholar
Ziuganov, Gennadii. 2001b. “Ziuganov: sviashchennaia pamiat’ – sviashchenna.” PartArkhiv INDEM online archive, April 24.Google Scholar
Ziuganov, Gennadii. 2002a. Globalizatsiia i sud'ba chelovechestva. Moscow: Molodaia gvardiia.Google Scholar
Ziuganov, Gennadii. 2002b. “My vnov’ na pole Kulikovom.” Sovetskaia Rossiia, December 16.Google Scholar
Ziuganov, Gennadii. 2002c. “O natsional'noi gordosti patriotov.” Zavtra, September 6.Google Scholar
Ziuganov, Gennadii. 2003a. “Uveren v pobede.” Sovetskaia Rossiia, August 26.Google Scholar
Ziuganov, Gennadii. 2003b. “Vystuplenie Predsedatelia TsK KPRF Gennadiia Ziuganova 9 maia.” PartArkhiv INDEM online archive, May 9.Google Scholar
Ziuganov, Gennadii. 2004. “Leninskii konspekt dlia nashei partii.” Pravda, April 22.Google Scholar
Secondary sources Google Scholar
Adler, Nanci. 2001. “In Search of Identity: The Collapse of the Soviet Union and the Recreation of Russia.” In The Politics of Memory and Democratization, edited by Barahona De Brito, Alexandra, Gonzalez, Carmen, Enriquez, , and Paloma, Aguilar, 275–302. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Adler, Nanci. 2005. “The Future of the Soviet Past Remains Unpredictable: The Resurrection of Stalinist Symbols Amidst the Exhumation of Mass Graves.” Europe-Asia Studies 57 (8): 1093–1119.Google Scholar
Benn, Wedgwood. 2011. “Russian Historians Defend the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact.” International Affairs 87 (3): 709–715.Google Scholar
Bordiugov, Gennadii. 2010. Oktiabr'. Stalin. Pobeda. Kul't iubileev v prostranstve pamiati. Moscow: AIRO-XXI.Google Scholar
Buldakov, Vladimir. 2003. “Attempts at the ‘Nationalization’ of Russian and Soviet History in the Newly Independent Slavic States.” In The Construction and Deconstruction of National Histories in Slavic Eurasia, edited by Tadayuki, Hayashi, 3–34. Sapporo: Hokkaido University.Google Scholar
Cherniakhovskii, Sergei. 2003. Protivorechivost’ kommunisticheskoi oppozitsii v sovremennoi Rossii. Moscow: International Ecological-Political University.Google Scholar
Cherniakhovskii, Sergei. 2007. “Kommunisticheskaia oppozitsiia v sovremennoi Rossii: genesis, protivorechivost', perspektivy.” PhD diss., Moscow State University.Google Scholar
Devlin, Judith. 1999. Slavophiles and Commissars: Enemies of Democracy in Modern Russia. London: Macmillan.Google Scholar
Duncan, Peter. 2000. Russian Messianism: Third Rome, Revolution, Communism and After. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Etkind, Alexander. 2004. “Hard and Soft in Cultural Memory: Political Mourning in Russia and Germany.” Grey Room 16: 36–59.Google Scholar
Flikke, Geir. 1999. “Patriotic Left-centrism: The Zigzags of the Communist Party of the Russian Federation.” Europe-Asia Studies 51 (2): 275–298.Google Scholar
Forest, Benjamin, and Johnson, Juliet. 2002. “Unraveling the Threads of History: Soviet-era Monuments and Post-Soviet Identity in Moscow.” Annals of the Association of American Geographers 92 (3): 524–547.Google Scholar
Forest, Benjamin, and Johnson, Juliet. 2011. “Monumental Politics: Regime Type and Public Memory in Post-Communist States.” Post-Soviet Affairs 27 (3): 269–288.Google Scholar
Hashim, Syed Mohsin. 1999. “KPRF Ideology and its Implications for Democratization in Russia.” Communist and Post-Communist Studies 32 (1): 77–89.Google Scholar
Ishiyama, John. 1996. “Red Phoenix? The Communist Party in Post-Soviet Russian Politics.” Party Politics 2 (2): 147–175.Google Scholar
Ishiyama, John. 1997. “The Sickle or the Rose? Previous Regime Types and the Evolution of the Ex-Communist Parties in Post-Communist Politics.” Comparative Political Studies 30 (3): 299–330.Google Scholar
Ishiyama, John. 1998. “Strange Bedfellows: Explaining Political Cooperation between Communist-Successor Parties and Nationalists in Eastern Europe.” Nations and Nationalism 4 (1): 61–85.Google Scholar
Ishiyama, John. 1999. “The Communist Successor Parties and Party Organizational Development in Post-Communist Politics.” Political Research Quarterly 52 (1): 87–112.Google Scholar
Kalinin, Ilya. 2013. “The Struggle for History: The Past as a Limited Resource.” In Memory and Theory in Eastern Europe, edited by Blacker, Uilleam, Etkind, Alexander, and Fedor, Julie, 255–265. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar
Kelly, Catriona. 2014. “From Leningrad to St. Petersburg: The ‘City on the Neva’ Then and Now.” Paper presented at the Russian and Eurasian Studies Centre, Oxford, UK, January 27.Google Scholar
Khazanov, Anatoly. 2008. “Whom to Mourn and Whom to Forget? (Re)Constructing Collective Memory in Contemporary Russia.” Totalitarian Movements and Political Religions 9 (2): 293–310.Google Scholar
Kholmskaia, M. 1998. “Kommunisty Rossii: mezhdu ortodoksal'nost'yu i reformizmom.” In Politicheskie partii Rossii: istoriia i sovremennost', edited by Zevelev, A., Sviridenko, Iu., and Shelokhaeva, V., 551–579. Moscow: ROSSPEN.Google Scholar
Lester, Jeremy. 1997. “Overdosing on Nationalism: Gennadii Zyuganov and the Communist Party of the Russian Federation.” New Left Review 221: 34–53.Google Scholar
Levintova, Ekaterina. 2012. “Being the Opposition in Contemporary Russia: The Communist Party of the Russian Federation (KPRF): Among Social Democratic, Marxist–Leninist and Nationalist–Socialist Discourses.” Party Politics 18 (5): 727–747.Google Scholar
Linan, Miguel. 2010. “History as a Propaganda Tool in Putin's Russia.” Communist and Post-Communist Studies 43 (2): 167–178.Google Scholar
March, Luke. 2001. “For Victory? The Crises and Dilemmas of the Communist Party of the Russian Federation.” Europe-Asia Studies 53 (2): 263–290.Google Scholar
March, Luke. 2002. The Communist Party in Post-Soviet Russia. Manchester: Manchester University Press.Google Scholar
March, Luke. 2003. “The Pragmatic Radicalism of Russia's Communists.” In The Left Transformed in Post-Communist Societies: The Cases of East-Central Europe, Russia and Ukraine, edited by Barth Urban, Joan, and Curry, Jane, 163–208. Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield.Google Scholar
Morozov, Viacheslav. 2009. “Protecting ‘Our’ History: Politics, Memory, and the Russian State.” PONARS Eurasia Policy Memo 64: 1–5.Google Scholar
Otto, Robert C. 1999. “Gennadii Ziuganov: The Reluctant Candidate.” Problems of Post-Communism 46 (5): 37–47.Google Scholar
Petrova, Evgeniia. 2010. “Pressa politicheskikh partii Rossii: istoriko-tipologicheskoe issledovanie.” PhD diss., Southern Federal University, Rostov-on-Don.Google Scholar
Pluzhnikov, Sergei, and Shevchenko, Dmitrii. 2008. Ziuganov.net: Tainaia istoriia KPRF 1990–2008. Moscow: Stolitsa-Print.Google Scholar
Sakwa, Richard. 1998. “Left or Right? CPRF and the Problem of Democratic Consolidation in Russia.” Journal of Communist Studies and Transition Politics 14 (1): 128–158.Google Scholar
Sakwa, Richard. 2002. “The Russian KPRF: The Powerlessness of the Powerful.” In The Communist Successor Parties in Central and Eastern Europe, edited by Ishiyama, John, and Bozoki, Andras, 240–267. Armonk: M. E. Sharpe.Google Scholar
Sherlock, Thomas. 2007a. Historical Narratives in the Soviet Union and Post-Soviet Russia. Destroying the Settled Past, Creating an Uncertain Future. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar
Sherlock, Thomas. 2007b. “History and Myth in the Soviet Empire and the Russian Republic.” In Teaching the Violent Past: History Education and Reconciliation, edited by Cole, Elizabeth A., 205–248. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.Google Scholar
Shlapentokh, Vladimir, and Bondartsova, Vera. 2009. “Stalin in Russian Ideology and Public Opinion: Caught in a Conflict Between Imperial and Liberal Elements.” Russian History 36 (2): 302–325.Google Scholar
Slater, Wendy. 2004. “Stalin's Death 50 Years On.” In The Legacy of the Soviet Union, edited by Slater, Wendy, and Wilson, Andrew, 254–265. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar
Smith, Kathleen. 2002. Mythmaking in the New Russia. Politics and Memory during the Yeltsin Era. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Solonari, Vladimir. 2009. “Normalizing Russia, Legitimizing Putin.” Kritika: Explorations in Russian and Eurasian History 10 (4): 835–846.Google Scholar
Tarasov, A., Cherkasov, G., and Shavshukova, T. 1997. Levye v Rossii: ot umerennykh do ekstremistov. Moscow: Institut Eksperimentalnoy Sotsiologii.Google Scholar
Torbakov, Igor. 2011. “History, Memory and National Identity: Understanding the Politics of History and Memory Wars in Post-Soviet Lands.” Demokratizatsiya 19 (3): 209–232.Google Scholar
Urban, Joan Barth. 2000. “Zyuganov's Communists at Odds.” The New Leader 83 (4): 14–16.Google Scholar
Urban, Joan Barth. 2003. “The Post-Communist Left: Divergent Trajectories, Shared Legacies.” In The Left Transformed in Post-Communist Societies: The Cases of East-Central Europe, Russia and Ukraine, edited by Barth Urban, Joan, and Curry, Jane, 245–269. Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield.Google Scholar
Urban, Joan Barth, and Solovei, Valerii D. 1997a. “Kommunisticheskoe dvizhenie v postsovetskoi Rossii.” Svobodnaya mysl' 3: 14–28.Google Scholar
Urban, Joan Barth, and Solovei, Valerii D. 1997b. Russia's Communists at the Crossroads. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.Google Scholar
Volokhov, Alexei. 2003. Noveishaia istoriia Kommunisticheskoi partii, 1990–2003. Moscow: Impeto.Google Scholar
Weber, Max. 2013. Economy and Society: An Outline of Interpretive Sociology. Vol. 1. Edited by Roth, Guenther and Wittich, Claus. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Arsen'ev, K. 1997. “24 oktiabria v S-Peterburge, v Tekhnicheskom universitete….” Biulleten’ Levogo informtsentra 302 (43) (October).Google Scholar
Avaliani, Teimuraz. 1998. “Kommentarii T. Avaliani k pis'mu Prezidiuma TsK KPRF.” Biulleten’ Levogo informtsentra 323 (12) (March).Google Scholar
Belov, Iurii. 1996a. “Odna Rossiia, nam drugoi ne znat'.” Sovetskaia Rossiia, November 23.Google Scholar
Belov, Iurii. 1996b. “Rossiia dolzhna sosredotochitsia.” Sovetskaia Rossiia, October 1.Google Scholar
Belov, Iurii. 1996c. “‘Vdumat'sia v svoe proshloe.’ XX s“ezd: Stalin i Khrushchev.” Sovetskaia Rossiia, February 24.Google Scholar
Belov, Iurii. 1997. “Udary po stvolu.” Sovetskaia Rossiia, March 19.Google Scholar
Belov, Iurii. 1998a. “Neobychnaia voina.” Sovetskaia Rossiia, December 10.Google Scholar
Belov, Iurii. 1998b. “U perepravy: KPRF, kak i vsia Rossiia, nakanune surovykh ispytanii.” Sovetskaia Rossiia, June 18.Google Scholar
Belov, Iurii. 1999a. “Na rasput'e. Grekhi i mucheniia intelligentsii.” Sovetskaia Rossiia, November 16.Google Scholar
Belov, Iurii. 1999b. “Razberem delo, kak ono est'.” Sovetskaia Rossiia, March 25.Google Scholar
Belov, Iurii. 1999c. “Russkii putnik.” Zavtra, March 23.Google Scholar
Belov, Iurii. 1999d. “Sim pobedishi (o edinstve sotsializma i patriotizma).” Sovetskaia Rossiia, August 19.Google Scholar
Belov, Iurii. 2000a. “Istoriiu ne obmanesh’ (Rossiia i russkii narod).” Sovetskaia Rossiia, July 6.Google Scholar
Belov, Iurii. 2000b. “S planety SSSR: Sovetskii chelovek v labirinte istorii.” Sovetskaia Rossiia, November 16.Google Scholar
Belov, Iurii. 2001a. “Krestonostsy. Razmyshleniia nad knigoi Stivena Koena – chestnogo amerikantsa.” Sovetskaia Rossiia, July 5.Google Scholar
Belov, Iurii. 2001b. “Na semi vetrakh. Otvet moim kritikam.” Sovetskaia Rossiia, February 22.Google Scholar
Belov, Iurii. 2003a. “Ispolin. Stalin i russkii vopros.” Sovetskaia Rossiia, March 4.Google Scholar
Belov, Iurii. 2003b. “Vechno zhivoe sovetskoe soznanie.” Sovetskaia Rossiia, November 6.Google Scholar
Belov, Iurii. 2004. “Razmezhevanie neizbezhno. K X s“ezdu KPRF.” Sovetskaia Rossiia, February 17.Google Scholar
Bindiukov, Nikolai. 1998. “O pozitsii KPRF po natsional'nomu voprosu.” PartArkhiv INDEM online archive, February 14.Google Scholar
Bindiukov, Nikolai. 1999. “Na puti sotrudnichestva.” Duma: Izdanie fraktsii KPRF v Gosudarstvennoi Dume FS RF, February 17.Google Scholar
Bindiukov, Nikolai. 2004. Globalizatsiia i Rossiia: paradigm, sotsial'no-politichestkii aspect, strategiia levykh sil. Moscow: ITRK.Google Scholar
Bindiukov, Nikolai, and Lopata, Petr. 1999. Osobaia Tret'ia Sila – novyi politicheskii fenomen. Moscow: ITRK.Google Scholar
Biulleten’ Levogo Informtsentra. 1998. “28 oktiabria v Gosudarstvennoi Dume proshla press-konferentsiia V. I. Iliukhina.” Biulleten’ Levogo informtsentra 355 (44) (October).Google Scholar
Biulleten’ Levogo Informtsentra. 2000. “30 noiabria v Gosudarstvennoi Dume proshla press-konferentsiia rukovoditelei fraktsii KPRF.” Biulleten’ Levogo informtsentra 463 (49) (December).Google Scholar
Biulleten’ Levogo informtsentra. 2000. “Zasedanie politkluba MGO RKP-KPSS.” Biulleten’ Levogo informtsentra 424 (7) (February–March).Google Scholar
CPRF (Group of unnamed deputies of the Communist Party of the Russian Federation, led by Avaliani, Teimuraz). 1998. “Obrashchenie v Prezidium TsK KPRF.” PartArkhiv INDEM online archive, March 10.Google Scholar
Demidenko, Mikhail, Sigida, Adelaida, and Chernega, Iurii. 2002. “Nikto ne zabyt i nikem ne zabyt.” Kommersant', May 8.Google Scholar
Iliukhin, Viktor. 1995. Spasti Rossiiu. Stat'i vystupleniia, analitichestie materialy, pis'ma predsedatelia Komiteta Gosudarstvennoi Dumy po bezopasnosti. Moscow: Unita.Google Scholar
Iliukhin, Viktor. 1998a. “Press-konferentsiia V. Iliukhina.” Biulleten’ Levogo informtsentra 347 (36) (September).Google Scholar
Iliukhin, Viktor. 1998b. “Vremia trudnykh reshenii.” Pravda Rossii, July 30.Google Scholar
Iliukhin, Viktor. 2004. “Rossiia gibnet v nechistotakh kapitalizma.” Pravda, September 9.Google Scholar
Kosolapov, Richard. 1996. “Epokhal'noe nichtozhestvo.” In Iudenno Semia, 34–43. Moscow: Richard Kosolapov.Google Scholar
Kemerovskii oblastnoi komitet KPRF. 1998. “Obrashchenie plenuma Kemerovskogo obkoma KPRF (1)….” Biulleten’ Levogo informtsentra 331 (20) (May).Google Scholar
Kosolapov, Richard. 1997. “Bez teorii nam smert'.” Zavtra, December 16.Google Scholar
Kosolapov, Richard. 1998. “Nezagadochnyi Stalin.” Sovetskaia Rossiia, January 15.Google Scholar
Kosolapov, Richard. 2000. Stalin i Lenin. Moscow: ZAO Gazeta Pravda.Google Scholar
Kosolapov, Richard. 2001. “Uverenno torit’ tropu v budushchee. Doklad R. Kosolapova.” PartArkhiv INDEM online archive, July 21.Google Scholar
Kosolapov, Richard. 2004. Istina iz Rossii. Tver': Severnaia Korona.Google Scholar
Kosolapov, Richard, and Khlebnikov, I. 1999. “Kommunisty protiv ‘kontsa istorii'.” Izm 22 (2).Google Scholar
Kosolapov, Richard, Damie, V., Dzarsov, S., and Kraush, T. 1998. “Zasedanie diskussionnogo kluba ‘Dialog'.” Biulleten’ Levogo informtsentra 328 (17) (April).Google Scholar
Kuptsov, Valentin. 1999. “Pakhar’ izbiratel'nogo polia …” Pravda, October 14.Google Scholar
Kuptsov, Valentin. 2001a. “Doklad Pervogo zamestitelia Predsedatelia TsK KPRF V. A. Kuptsova: KPRF na poroge XX veka.” PartArkhiv INDEM online archive, April 13.Google Scholar
Kuptsov, Valentin. 2001b. V. A. Kuptsov. Izbrannye vystupleniia (1991–2001). Moscow: Parad.Google Scholar
Kuptsov, Valentin. 2003. “Samyi trudnyi s'ezd.” Pravda Rossii, February 5.Google Scholar
Luk'ianov, Anatolii. 1999. V vodovorote rossiiskoi smuty (razmyshleniia, dialogi, dokumenty). Moscow: Kniga i biznes.Google Scholar
Luk'ianov, Anatolii. 2001. “Zhal', chto ia byl v tiur'me.” Vek, December 7.Google Scholar
Makashov, Al'bert. 1997. “Vystuplenie A. Makashova na V s'ezde VOS.” Dela voennye – Duel, June 17.Google Scholar
Makashov, Al'bert. 1998. “Partiinyi tupik.” Zavtra, June 16.Google Scholar
Makashov, Al'bert, and Prosvirinii, Aleksei. 1999. “Monakh i voin.” Zavtra, January 19.Google Scholar
Masliukov, Iurii. 1996. “Iurii Masliukov: ‘Reformy – eto razvitie.’ Dialog Aleksandra Prokhanova s Iuriem Masliukovym.” Zavtra, August 1.Google Scholar
Masliukov, Iurii. 1999. “Seans razoblacheniia.” Moskovskie novosti, February 14.Google Scholar
Masliukov, Iurii. 2000. “Smotret’ v budushchee (Strategiia promyshlennogo razvitiia strany).” Zavtra, September 5. Mel'nikov, Ivan. 1995. “Shag k ob“edineniiu.” Sovetskaia Rossiia, July 4.Google Scholar
Mel'nikov, Ivan. 2000a. “Bez bol'shoi nauki u rossii net budushchego.” Sovetskaia Rossiia, September 19.Google Scholar
Mel'nikov, Ivan. 2000b. “Shtab pobedy.” Zavtra, February 29. Monitor Polit. Ru. 1999. “Gennadii Ziuganov provel v Gosdume vstrechu s zhurnalistami.” PartArkhiv INDEM online archive, November 5.Google Scholar
Peshkov, Viktor. 2014. Interview with author. Moscow, September 14.Google Scholar
Peshkov, Viktor, Vasil'tsov, S., Komotskii, B., and Obukhov, S. 1998. Kommunisty: pravo na vlast'. Narodnoe vospriiatie. Moscow: Inform-Znanie.Google Scholar
Politicheskie Partii i Dvizheniia Sverdlovskoi Oblasti na Internete. 2000. “General Makashov v Ekaterinburge.” PartArkhiv INDEM online archive, February 19.Google Scholar
Rossii, Pravda. 1998. Ne boites’ prizrakov.” Pravda Rossii: Gazeta Kommunisticheskoi partii Rossiiskoi Federatsii, December 16.Google Scholar
RIA. 1996. “‘Stsenarii ekonomicheskogo razvitiia.” PartArkhiv INDEM online archive, June 27.Google Scholar
Safronchuk, Vasilii. 2000. “Oazis sleva. Trekhstoronniaia vstrecha v Tripoli.” Sovetskaia Rossiia, October 26.Google Scholar
Seleznev, Gennadii. 1996. “Novomu spikeru blizka shvedskaia model'.” Nezavisimaia Gazeta, January 19.Google Scholar
Seleznev, Gennadii. 1997. Vsia vlast’ –zakonu! Zakonodatel'stvo i traditsii ukaznogo prava v Rossii. Moscow: Gruppa Segodniia.Google Scholar
Seleznev, Gennadii. 1999. “G. Seleznev v programme ‘Geroi dnia’ (NTV).” PartArkhiv INDEM online archive, June 25.Google Scholar
Seleznev, Gennadii. 2000. “Novym putem – v novye vremena. Pochemu Rossii nuzhna ‘Rossiia'?” Gazeta Tribuna, August 25.Google Scholar
Seleznev, Gennadii. 2001. “Rossiiskomu parlamentu −95 let.” Parlamentskaia Gazeta, April 21.Google Scholar
Seleznev, Gennadii. 2002. “Gennadii Seleznev, predsedatel’ Gosudarstvennoi Dumy: Obrazovanie dolzhno stat’ prioritetnym.” Uchitel'skaia gazeta, March 27.Google Scholar
Seleznev, Gennadii, Tsoi, V., and Frants, A. 2000. Dvizhenie ‘Rossiia': vzgliad v budushchee. Moscow: Graal'.Google Scholar
Shabanov, Aleksandr, and Terekhov, Stanislav. 1994. Sovremennyi etap istoricheskogo spora o modeli razvitiia obshchestva. Moscow: Sistema.Google Scholar
Shabanov, Aleksandr, Sokolov, K., and Sivkov, K. 1997. Dukhovnaia bor'ba. Moscow: Izdatel'stvo Moskovskogo universiteta.Google Scholar
Ziuganov, Gennadii. 1994. Derzhava. Moscow: Informpechat'.Google Scholar
Ziuganov, Gennadii. 1995a. Sovremennaia Russkaia Ideia i Gosudarstvo. Moscow: RAU-Korporatsiia.Google Scholar
Ziuganov, Gennadii. 1995b. Za gorizontom. Moscow: Informpechat'.Google Scholar
Ziuganov, Gennadii. 1996a. Rossiia – rodina moia. Ideologiia gosudarstvennogo patriotizma. Moscow: Informpechat'.Google Scholar
Ziuganov, Gennadii. 1996b. “Smuta. Novye boiare gotovy prinesti interesy Rossii v zhertvu svoim interesam.” Elektronnaia versiia Nezavisimoi Gazety, October 17.Google Scholar
Ziuganov, Gennadii. 1996c. Znat’ i deistvovat': otvety na voprosy. Moscow: MP Paleia.Google Scholar
Ziuganov, Gennadii. 1997. Uroki zhizni. Moscow: Gennadii Ziuganov.Google Scholar
Ziuganov, Gennadii. 1998a. “K piatiletiiu KPRF.” PartArkhiv INDEM online archive, February 14.Google Scholar
Ziuganov, Gennadii. 1998b. Manifest NPSR. Politichestkii doklad Vtoromu s“ezdu narodno-patrio-ticheskogo Soiuza Rossii. Moscow: ZAO Gazeta Pravda.Google Scholar
Ziuganov, Gennadii. 1998c. “Rossiia budet velikoi svobodnoi derzhavoi. Narodno-patrioticheskii soiuz na poroge XXI veka.” Informatsionnyi biulleten’ KPRF, November 15.Google Scholar
Ziuganov, Gennadii. 1998d. “Vozrodim gosudarstvo Rossiiskoe.” Informatsionnyi biulleten’ KPRF, November 15.Google Scholar
Ziuganov, Gennadii. 1999a. “Front patriotov vystroen - kakovy poteri i obreteniia?” PartArkhiv INDEM online archive, September 15.Google Scholar
Ziuganov, Gennadii. 1999b. “Ni odin soldat ne vystupil by protiv pravitel'stva, podderzhannogo narodom.” Nezavisimaia Gazeta – Elektronnaia Versiia, August 12.Google Scholar
Ziuganov, Gennadii. 1999c. “Tselilis’ v kommunizm – popali v Rossiiu.” Sovetskaia Rossiia, October 7.Google Scholar
Ziuganov, Gennadii. 2000a. “Interv'iu lidera KPRF G. A. Ziuganova gazete ‘Derzhavnye vedomosti.“’ PartArkhiv INDEM online archive, August 5.Google Scholar
Ziuganov, Gennadii. 2000b. “Noiabr'skii monolog.” Sovetskaia Rossiia, November 28.Google Scholar
Ziuganov, Gennadii. 2000c. “Politicheskii otchet Tsentral'nogo Komiteta KPRF VII s'ezdu.” PartArkhiv INDEM online archive, December 2.Google Scholar
Ziuganov, Gennadii. 2000d. Postizhenie Rossii. Moscow: Mysl'.Google Scholar
Ziuganov, Gennadii. 2000e. “Tol'ko tak pobedim.” Sovetskaia Rossiia, November 4.Google Scholar
Ziuganov, Gennadii. 2001a. “Ziuganov: ot resheniia russkogo voprosa zavisit sud'ba nashego gosudarstva.” PartArkhiv INDEM online archive, May 29.Google Scholar
Ziuganov, Gennadii. 2001b. “Ziuganov: sviashchennaia pamiat’ – sviashchenna.” PartArkhiv INDEM online archive, April 24.Google Scholar
Ziuganov, Gennadii. 2002a. Globalizatsiia i sud'ba chelovechestva. Moscow: Molodaia gvardiia.Google Scholar
Ziuganov, Gennadii. 2002b. “My vnov’ na pole Kulikovom.” Sovetskaia Rossiia, December 16.Google Scholar
Ziuganov, Gennadii. 2002c. “O natsional'noi gordosti patriotov.” Zavtra, September 6.Google Scholar
Ziuganov, Gennadii. 2003a. “Uveren v pobede.” Sovetskaia Rossiia, August 26.Google Scholar
Ziuganov, Gennadii. 2003b. “Vystuplenie Predsedatelia TsK KPRF Gennadiia Ziuganova 9 maia.” PartArkhiv INDEM online archive, May 9.Google Scholar
Ziuganov, Gennadii. 2004. “Leninskii konspekt dlia nashei partii.” Pravda, April 22.Google Scholar
Secondary sources Google Scholar
Adler, Nanci. 2001. “In Search of Identity: The Collapse of the Soviet Union and the Recreation of Russia.” In The Politics of Memory and Democratization, edited by Barahona De Brito, Alexandra, Gonzalez, Carmen, Enriquez, , and Paloma, Aguilar, 275–302. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Adler, Nanci. 2005. “The Future of the Soviet Past Remains Unpredictable: The Resurrection of Stalinist Symbols Amidst the Exhumation of Mass Graves.” Europe-Asia Studies 57 (8): 1093–1119.Google Scholar
Benn, Wedgwood. 2011. “Russian Historians Defend the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact.” International Affairs 87 (3): 709–715.Google Scholar
Bordiugov, Gennadii. 2010. Oktiabr'. Stalin. Pobeda. Kul't iubileev v prostranstve pamiati. Moscow: AIRO-XXI.Google Scholar
Buldakov, Vladimir. 2003. “Attempts at the ‘Nationalization’ of Russian and Soviet History in the Newly Independent Slavic States.” In The Construction and Deconstruction of National Histories in Slavic Eurasia, edited by Tadayuki, Hayashi, 3–34. Sapporo: Hokkaido University.Google Scholar
Cherniakhovskii, Sergei. 2003. Protivorechivost’ kommunisticheskoi oppozitsii v sovremennoi Rossii. Moscow: International Ecological-Political University.Google Scholar
Cherniakhovskii, Sergei. 2007. “Kommunisticheskaia oppozitsiia v sovremennoi Rossii: genesis, protivorechivost', perspektivy.” PhD diss., Moscow State University.Google Scholar
Devlin, Judith. 1999. Slavophiles and Commissars: Enemies of Democracy in Modern Russia. London: Macmillan.Google Scholar
Duncan, Peter. 2000. Russian Messianism: Third Rome, Revolution, Communism and After. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Etkind, Alexander. 2004. “Hard and Soft in Cultural Memory: Political Mourning in Russia and Germany.” Grey Room 16: 36–59.Google Scholar
Flikke, Geir. 1999. “Patriotic Left-centrism: The Zigzags of the Communist Party of the Russian Federation.” Europe-Asia Studies 51 (2): 275–298.Google Scholar
Forest, Benjamin, and Johnson, Juliet. 2002. “Unraveling the Threads of History: Soviet-era Monuments and Post-Soviet Identity in Moscow.” Annals of the Association of American Geographers 92 (3): 524–547.Google Scholar
Forest, Benjamin, and Johnson, Juliet. 2011. “Monumental Politics: Regime Type and Public Memory in Post-Communist States.” Post-Soviet Affairs 27 (3): 269–288.Google Scholar
Hashim, Syed Mohsin. 1999. “KPRF Ideology and its Implications for Democratization in Russia.” Communist and Post-Communist Studies 32 (1): 77–89.Google Scholar
Ishiyama, John. 1996. “Red Phoenix? The Communist Party in Post-Soviet Russian Politics.” Party Politics 2 (2): 147–175.Google Scholar
Ishiyama, John. 1997. “The Sickle or the Rose? Previous Regime Types and the Evolution of the Ex-Communist Parties in Post-Communist Politics.” Comparative Political Studies 30 (3): 299–330.Google Scholar
Ishiyama, John. 1998. “Strange Bedfellows: Explaining Political Cooperation between Communist-Successor Parties and Nationalists in Eastern Europe.” Nations and Nationalism 4 (1): 61–85.Google Scholar
Ishiyama, John. 1999. “The Communist Successor Parties and Party Organizational Development in Post-Communist Politics.” Political Research Quarterly 52 (1): 87–112.Google Scholar
Kalinin, Ilya. 2013. “The Struggle for History: The Past as a Limited Resource.” In Memory and Theory in Eastern Europe, edited by Blacker, Uilleam, Etkind, Alexander, and Fedor, Julie, 255–265. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar
Kelly, Catriona. 2014. “From Leningrad to St. Petersburg: The ‘City on the Neva’ Then and Now.” Paper presented at the Russian and Eurasian Studies Centre, Oxford, UK, January 27.Google Scholar
Khazanov, Anatoly. 2008. “Whom to Mourn and Whom to Forget? (Re)Constructing Collective Memory in Contemporary Russia.” Totalitarian Movements and Political Religions 9 (2): 293–310.Google Scholar
Kholmskaia, M. 1998. “Kommunisty Rossii: mezhdu ortodoksal'nost'yu i reformizmom.” In Politicheskie partii Rossii: istoriia i sovremennost', edited by Zevelev, A., Sviridenko, Iu., and Shelokhaeva, V., 551–579. Moscow: ROSSPEN.Google Scholar
Lester, Jeremy. 1997. “Overdosing on Nationalism: Gennadii Zyuganov and the Communist Party of the Russian Federation.” New Left Review 221: 34–53.Google Scholar
Levintova, Ekaterina. 2012. “Being the Opposition in Contemporary Russia: The Communist Party of the Russian Federation (KPRF): Among Social Democratic, Marxist–Leninist and Nationalist–Socialist Discourses.” Party Politics 18 (5): 727–747.Google Scholar
Linan, Miguel. 2010. “History as a Propaganda Tool in Putin's Russia.” Communist and Post-Communist Studies 43 (2): 167–178.Google Scholar
March, Luke. 2001. “For Victory? The Crises and Dilemmas of the Communist Party of the Russian Federation.” Europe-Asia Studies 53 (2): 263–290.Google Scholar
March, Luke. 2002. The Communist Party in Post-Soviet Russia. Manchester: Manchester University Press.Google Scholar
March, Luke. 2003. “The Pragmatic Radicalism of Russia's Communists.” In The Left Transformed in Post-Communist Societies: The Cases of East-Central Europe, Russia and Ukraine, edited by Barth Urban, Joan, and Curry, Jane, 163–208. Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield.Google Scholar
Morozov, Viacheslav. 2009. “Protecting ‘Our’ History: Politics, Memory, and the Russian State.” PONARS Eurasia Policy Memo 64: 1–5.Google Scholar
Otto, Robert C. 1999. “Gennadii Ziuganov: The Reluctant Candidate.” Problems of Post-Communism 46 (5): 37–47.Google Scholar
Petrova, Evgeniia. 2010. “Pressa politicheskikh partii Rossii: istoriko-tipologicheskoe issledovanie.” PhD diss., Southern Federal University, Rostov-on-Don.Google Scholar
Pluzhnikov, Sergei, and Shevchenko, Dmitrii. 2008. Ziuganov.net: Tainaia istoriia KPRF 1990–2008. Moscow: Stolitsa-Print.Google Scholar
Sakwa, Richard. 1998. “Left or Right? CPRF and the Problem of Democratic Consolidation in Russia.” Journal of Communist Studies and Transition Politics 14 (1): 128–158.Google Scholar
Sakwa, Richard. 2002. “The Russian KPRF: The Powerlessness of the Powerful.” In The Communist Successor Parties in Central and Eastern Europe, edited by Ishiyama, John, and Bozoki, Andras, 240–267. Armonk: M. E. Sharpe.Google Scholar
Sherlock, Thomas. 2007a. Historical Narratives in the Soviet Union and Post-Soviet Russia. Destroying the Settled Past, Creating an Uncertain Future. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar
Sherlock, Thomas. 2007b. “History and Myth in the Soviet Empire and the Russian Republic.” In Teaching the Violent Past: History Education and Reconciliation, edited by Cole, Elizabeth A., 205–248. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.Google Scholar
Shlapentokh, Vladimir, and Bondartsova, Vera. 2009. “Stalin in Russian Ideology and Public Opinion: Caught in a Conflict Between Imperial and Liberal Elements.” Russian History 36 (2): 302–325.Google Scholar
Slater, Wendy. 2004. “Stalin's Death 50 Years On.” In The Legacy of the Soviet Union, edited by Slater, Wendy, and Wilson, Andrew, 254–265. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar
Smith, Kathleen. 2002. Mythmaking in the New Russia. Politics and Memory during the Yeltsin Era. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Solonari, Vladimir. 2009. “Normalizing Russia, Legitimizing Putin.” Kritika: Explorations in Russian and Eurasian History 10 (4): 835–846.Google Scholar
Tarasov, A., Cherkasov, G., and Shavshukova, T. 1997. Levye v Rossii: ot umerennykh do ekstremistov. Moscow: Institut Eksperimentalnoy Sotsiologii.Google Scholar
Torbakov, Igor. 2011. “History, Memory and National Identity: Understanding the Politics of History and Memory Wars in Post-Soviet Lands.” Demokratizatsiya 19 (3): 209–232.Google Scholar
Urban, Joan Barth. 2000. “Zyuganov's Communists at Odds.” The New Leader 83 (4): 14–16.Google Scholar
Urban, Joan Barth. 2003. “The Post-Communist Left: Divergent Trajectories, Shared Legacies.” In The Left Transformed in Post-Communist Societies: The Cases of East-Central Europe, Russia and Ukraine, edited by Barth Urban, Joan, and Curry, Jane, 245–269. Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield.Google Scholar
Urban, Joan Barth, and Solovei, Valerii D. 1997a. “Kommunisticheskoe dvizhenie v postsovetskoi Rossii.” Svobodnaya mysl' 3: 14–28.Google Scholar
Urban, Joan Barth, and Solovei, Valerii D. 1997b. Russia's Communists at the Crossroads. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.Google Scholar
Volokhov, Alexei. 2003. Noveishaia istoriia Kommunisticheskoi partii, 1990–2003. Moscow: Impeto.Google Scholar
Weber, Max. 2013. Economy and Society: An Outline of Interpretive Sociology. Vol. 1. Edited by Roth, Guenther and Wittich, Claus. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar