Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-lnqnp Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-23T14:26:39.857Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Renegotiating the Empire, Forging the Nation-State: The Albanian Case through the Political Economic Thought of Ismail Qemali, Fan Noli, and Luigj Gurakuqi, c. 1890–1920s

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  04 November 2019

Adrian Brisku Open the ORCID record for Adrian Brisku [Opens in a new window]
Adrian Brisku*
Affiliation:
Department of Russian and East European Studies, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
*
*Corresponding author. Email: [email protected]
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

This article examines historical positions regarding the question of the small nation-(state) of Albania remaining “in” the larger Ottoman supranational entity and “out” as independent nation-state during the late 19th and early 20th century. It does so mainly, but not only, through the language of political economy (wealth creation and redistribution) as articulated in the thoughts and deeds of three founding intellectual and political figures of the Albanian nation-(state): Ismail Qemali, Fan Noli, and Luigj Gurakuqi. While lacking a clear political-economic perspective for this emerging nation in the late Ottoman period, all the three figures maintained that as an independent, small nation-state, Albania could survive and perhaps thrive if its wealth and national economic development remained anchored within a larger political and economic space. More than Qemali, Gurakuqi, and Noli envisaged a greater state role in the country’s “national economy-building” process. But while Gurakuqi was more of a “nationalist” on wealth creation, Noli sought to pursue a more “radical,” redistributive path to national development.

Keywords

Albanian nation-statenational economy-buildingsmall versus large statesQemaliGurakuqiNoli
Type
Article
Information
Nationalities Papers , Volume 48 , Special Issue 1: Special Issue on the Emergence and Resilience of Parastates , January 2020 , pp. 158 - 174
Copyright
© Association for the Study of Nationalities 2020

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Adanir, Fikret. 2002. “Imperial Response to Nationalism: The Ottoman Case.” In Governance, Globalization and the European Union. Which Europe for Tomorrow?, edited by Cavanna, Henry, 47–66. Dublin: Four Courts Press.Google Scholar
Austin, Robert C. 2012. Founding a Balkan State: Albania’s Experiment with Democracy, 1920–1925. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.Google Scholar
Banja, Hasan. 1969. Establishment and Prospect of Development of Socialist Industry in People’s Republic of Albania. Tirana: Naim Frashëri.Google Scholar
Bardhoshi, Besim. 1967. Probleme të Planifikimit dhe të Zhvillimit të Ekonomisë së Planifikuar në RPSH. Tiranë: Universiteti i Tiranës.Google Scholar
Bihiku, Koço. 2002. “Veprimtaria Publiciste e Nolit në Vitet 1915–1918.” In Faqe të Panjohura të Nolit, prepared by Koço Bihiku, 5–26. Tirana: Albin.Google Scholar
Bisedimet, e Kombtar, Këshillit “Senat.” 1920. Bisedimet e Kuvendit Kushtetutes. Shkoder: Shtypshkronja Franciskane, Year 1, No. 1, 9–11.Google Scholar
, Bisedimet e Kombtar, Këshillit. 1921a. Bisedimet e Kuvendit Kushtetutes . Shkoder: Shtypshkronja Franciskane, Year 1, No. 8, 129–146.Google Scholar
, Bisedimet e Kombtar, Këshillit. 1921b. Bisedimet e Kuvendit Kushtetutes. Tirana: Shtypshkronja Mbrothesija, Year 1, No. 12, 201–218.Google Scholar
, Bisedimet e Kombtar, Këshillit. 1921c. Bisedimet e Kuvendit Kushtetutes. Tirana: Shtypshkronja Mbrothesija, Year 1, No. 13, 219–236.Google Scholar
, Bisedimet e Kombtar, Këshillit. 1921d. Bisedimet e Kuvendit Kushtetutes. Tirana: Shtypshkronja Mbrothesija, Year 1, No. 14, 237–254.Google Scholar
, Bisedimet e Kombtar, Këshillit. 1921e. Bisedimet e Kuvendit Kushtetutes. Tirana: Shtypshkronja Mbrothesija, Year 1, No. 15, 255–272.Google Scholar
, Bisedimet e Kombtar, Këshillit. 1921f. Bisedimet e Kuvendit Kushtetutes. Tirana: Shtypshkronja Mbrothesija, Year 1, No. 32, 527–542.Google Scholar
, Bisedimet e Kombtar, Këshillit. 1921g. Bisedimet e Kuvendit Kushtetutes. Tirana: Shtypshkronja Mbrothesija, Year 1, No. 35, 575–578.Google Scholar
, Bisedimet e Kombtar, Këshillit. 1922a. Bisedimet e Kuvendit Kushtetutes. Tirana: Shtypshkronja “Nikaj”, Year 2, No. 1, 5–22.Google Scholar
, Bisedimet e Kombtar, Këshillit. 1922b. Bisedimet e Kuvendit Kushtetutes. Tirana: Shtypshkronja “Nikaj”, Year 2, No. 4, 469–484.Google Scholar
, Bisedimet e Kombtar, Këshillit. 1922c. Bisedimet e Kuvendit Kushtetutes. Tirana: Shtypshkronja “Elbasani”, Year 2, No. 7, 113–122.Google Scholar
, Bisedimet e Kombtar, Këshillit. 1924. Bisedimet e Kuvendit Kushtetutes. Tirana: Shtypshkronja “Nikaj”, Year 1, No. 27, 477–493.Google Scholar
Brisku, A. 2013. Bittersweet Europe: Albanian and Georgian Discourses on Europe, 1878–2008. New York: Berghahn Books.Google Scholar
Brisku, Adrian. 2016. “Renegotiating the Empire, Forging the Nation-State: The Georgian Case through the Political Economic Thought of Niko Nikoladze and Noe Zhordania, c. 1870–1920s.” Nationalities Papers 44 (2): 299–318.Google Scholar
Brisku, Adrian. 2017a. Political Reform in the Ottoman and the Russian Empires: A Comparative Approach. London: Bloomsbury Academic.Google Scholar
Brisku, Adrian. 2017b. “Renegotiating the Empire, Forging the Nation(-State): The Bohemian/Czechoslovakian Case through the Political-economic Thought of Thomas G Masaryk and Karel Kramář.” Nationalities Papers 45 (4): 632–650.Google Scholar
Blumi, Isa. 2011. Reinstating the Ottomans: Alternative Balkan Modernities, 1800–1912. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar
Clayer, Nathalie. 2007. Aux origines du nationalisme albanais. La naissance d’une nation majoritairement musulmane en Eu ope. Paris: Karthala.Google Scholar
Çela, Alba. 2008. “Kush Ishte ‘Osman’? Jeta e Ismail Qemalit Beut nga Nënpunës i Perandorisë në Veprimtar Nacionalist.” Përpjekja (25): 194–204.Google Scholar
Duka, Ferit. 2009. Shekujt Osmane në Hapsirën Shqiptare. Tirana: UET Press.Google Scholar
Duka, Valentina. 2008. Çështje të Historisë Bashkëkohore të Shqiptarëve . Tirana: Libri Universitar.Google Scholar
Elsie, Robert. 2000. “Introduction.” In Faik Konica: Selected Correspondence, 1896–1942, edited by Destani, Bejtulla, vii–xi. London: Centre for Albanian Studies.Google Scholar
Elsie, Robert. 2010. Historical Dictionary of Albania. 2nd ed. Plymouth, UK: The Scarecrow Press, Inc.Google Scholar
Falaschi, Renzo, ed. 1997. The Memoirs of Ismail Kemal Vlora and His Work for the Independence of Albania. Tiranë: Toena Publishing House.Google Scholar
Fischer, Bernd J. 1988. “Fan Noli and the Albanian Revolutions of 1924.” East European Quarterly 22: 147–158.Google Scholar
Fishta, Iliaz, and ToÓi, Veniamin. 1983. Gjendja Ekonomike e Shqipërisë, 1912–1944: Prapambetja e saj, Shkaqet dhe Pasojat. Tiranë: 8 Nëntori.Google Scholar
Fishta, Iliaz, and Ziu, Mihal. 2004. Historia e Ekonomisë së Shqipërisë. Tiranë: Drita.Google Scholar
Frashëri, Mehdi. 1931. Aveniri i Shqipërisë në Pikëpamje Bujqësore. Tiranë: Shtypshkronja “Tirana.”Google Scholar
Glenny, Misha. 2000. The Balkans: Nationalism, War, and the Great Powers, 1804–1999. New York: Viking.Google Scholar
Gurakuqi, Luigj. 1923. Çâshtja e Vojit te Gurit. Shkodër: Shtypshkronja Franciskane.Google Scholar
Gurakuqi, Luigj. 1961. “Qeverija e Opozita.” In Vepra të Zgjedhura, 97–99. Tiranë: Naim Frashëri.Google Scholar
Gurakuqi, Luigj. 2003. “Baza e Bashkëpunimit ndërmjet Shqiptarëve Muhamedanë e të Krishterë.” In Antologji e Mendimit Politik Shqiptar, edited by Kulla, Ndriçim, 103–105. Tirana: Plejad.Google Scholar
Gurakuqi, Luigj. 1979. “Disa Vjersha të Hjeronym De Radës me Shënime (Koment).” In Kritika Letrare, edited by Rugova, I. and Hamiti, S., 107–113. Prishtinë.Google Scholar
Guy, Nicola. 2012. The Birth of Albania: Ethnic Nationalism, the Great Powers of the World War I and the Emergence of Albanian Independence. London: I. B. Tauris.Google Scholar
Hanioğlu, Sukru M. 1995. The Young Turks in Opposition. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Institucioni i Presidentit të Republikës së Shqipërisë. 2012. http://president.al/shqip/info.asp/?id=7663Google Scholar
Instituti i Historisë (Akademia e Shkencave të Shqipërisë). 2002. Historia e Popullit Shqiptar: II, Rilindja Kombëtare, Vitet 30 të Shek. XIX – 1912. Tiranë: Botimet Toena.Google Scholar
Jacques, Edwin. E. 1995. The Albanians: An Ethnic History from Prehistoric Times to the Present, Vol. 2. Jefferson, NC: MacFarland & Company, Inc.Google Scholar
Jorgaqi, Nasho. 2005. Jeta e Fan Nolit , Vol I. Tiranë: Botimet Ombra GVG.Google Scholar
Kappeler, Andreas. 2006. “Imperial Core and the Elites of Periphery in the Habsburg, Romanov and Ottoman Empires.” [Conference Paper.] In Imperial Order, Identification and Loyalties in Continuous Empires, Course Reader. Central European University, Winter.Google Scholar
Kemal, Ismail. 1920. The Memoirs of Ismail Kemal Bey, edited by Story, Sommerville. London: Constable and Company.Google Scholar
Korovilas, James P. 1999. “The Albanian Economy in Transition. The Role of Remittances and Pyramid Investment Schemes.” Post-Communist Economies 11 (3): 399–415.Google Scholar
Lemel, Harold, ed. 2000. Rural Property and Economy in Post-Communist Albania. New York: Berghahn.Google Scholar
Logoreci, Anton. 1978. The Albanians: Europe’s Forgotten Survivors. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.Google Scholar
Malcolm, Noel. 2002. “Myths of Albanian National Identity.” In Albanian Identities: Myth and History, edited by Schwandner-Sievers, Stephanie and Bernd, J. Fischer, 70–87. London: Hurst & Company.Google Scholar
Milo, Paskal. 2013. Politika e Jashtme e Shqipërisë. Tirana: Botimet Toena.Google Scholar
Muço, Marta. 2000. “Dimensione dhe kufizime politike të reformës ekonomike në Shqipëri.” Politika dhe Shoqëria 1 (1): 45–55.Google Scholar
Naska, K. 1987. Ismail Qemali në Lëvizjen Kombëtare. Tirana: Akademia e Shkencave te RPS te Shqiperise, Instituti i Historise.Google Scholar
Noli, Fan S. 1968. Autobiografia. Prishtina.Google Scholar
Noli, Fan S. 2002a. Faqe të Panjohura të Nolit, prepared by Koço Bihiku. Tirana: Albin.Google Scholar
Noli, Fan S. 2002b. Ligjërime, 1906–1964, prepared by Nasho Jorgaqi. Tirana: Botimet Dudaj.Google Scholar
Norgaqi, Nasho. 2002. “Parafjalë.” In Ligjërime, 1906–1964, prepared by Nasho Jorgaqi, 5–17. Tirana: Botimet Dudaj.Google Scholar
Pashko, Gramoz. 1993. “Inflation in Albania.” Communist Economies and Economic Transformation 5 (1): 115–126.Google Scholar
Pipa, Arshi. 1984. “Fan Noli as National and International Albanian Figure.” Sudost Forschungen 43: 241–270.Google Scholar
Prifti, Peter R. 1978. Socialist Albania since 1944: Domestic and Foreign Developments. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Puto, Arben. 2009. Shqipëria Politike, 1912–1939. Tirana: Botimet Toena.Google Scholar
Puto, Arben. 2010. Demokracia e Rrethuar. Tirana: Shtëpia Botuese ‘Fan Noli.’Google Scholar
Puto, Artan. 2009. “The Idea of Nation during the Albanian National Movement, 1878–1912.” PhD diss., Department of History and Civilization.Google Scholar
Qemali, Ismail. 1900. “Little Albania.” Albania (19): 1–9.Google Scholar
, Qendra e Zyrtare, Botimeve, Albanian Ministry of Justice. 2012. February. http://qbz.gov.al/doc.jsp?doc=docs/Ligj%20Nr%206133%20Datë%2012-02-1980.htm.Google Scholar
Qeveria e Përkohshme e Vlorës dhe veprimtaria saj. 1963. Tirana.Google Scholar
Qosja, Rexhep. 1969. “Fan S. Noli (1882–1965).” Gjurmime Albanologjike I: 197–237.Google Scholar
Roselli, Alessandro, 2006. Italy and Albania: Financial Relations in the Fascist Period. London: I. B. Tauris.Google Scholar
Sadiku, Xhafer. 2014. Shqipëria 1878–1928: Roli i Elitës Politike. Tirana: Mirgeeralb.Google Scholar
Schwandner-Sievers, Stephanie, and Fischer, Bernd J.. 2002. Albanian Identities: Myth and History. London: Hurst & Company.Google Scholar
Sjöberg, Örjan. 1991. “The Albanian Economy in the 1980s. Coping with a Centralized System.” In Economic Change in the Balkan States: Albania, Rumania, Bulgaria and Yugoslavia, edited by Sjöberg, Ö. and Wyzan, M. L., 115–127. London: Pinter.Google Scholar
Skëndi, Stavro. 1967. The Albanian National Awakening 1878–1912. Princeton, NJ: Princeton, University Press.Google Scholar
Skinner, Quentin. 1969. “Meaning and Understanding in the History of Ideas.” History and Theory 8 (1): 3–53.Google Scholar
Smith, Adam. 1776 [2008]. An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations. Hamburg: Management Laboratory Press.Google Scholar
Turfan, Naim. 2000. The Rise of the Young Turks: Politics, the Military and the Ottoman Collapse. London: I. B. Tauris.Google Scholar
Trattati e Convenzioni fra il Regno d’Italia e gli altri Stati. 1938. Vol 50. Atti Conclusi del 1 Gennaio al 31 Dicembre 1936. Rome.Google Scholar
Upi, Lea. 2012. “Brought to Life by Ideals, Preserved by Circumstance, Killed by Politicians: Dilemmas of Nation-Building in Albanian Political Thought, 1920–1928.” East Central Europe 39: 304–330.Google Scholar
Vickers, Miranda. 1997. The Albanians: A Modern History. London: I. B. Taurus.Google Scholar
Vlora, Eqrem bej. 2003 [1973]. Kujtime, 1885–1925. Tirane: Botimet IDK.Google Scholar
Xoxi, K. 1983. Ismail Qemali. Tiranë: 8 Nentori.Google Scholar