Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-8ctnn Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-23T04:58:35.809Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Nationalism as classification: suggestions for reformulating nationalism research

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 November 2018

Alexander Maxwell
Alexander Maxwell*
Affiliation:
School of History, Philosophy, Political Science & International Relations, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
*
*Email: [email protected]
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Instead of thinking about “national identity,” scholars of nationalism would do well to study nationalism as a process of classification, treating national conflict as disputes over nationalized categories. Disputes over national classification take various forms: patriots argue over which category applies, which categories exist, and which categories have which status. Techniques for imposing classificatory categories also deserve attention. The contributors to this themed issue of Nationalities Papers illustrate the power of analysis based on classification.

Keywords

National identityclassificationnationalism theory
Type
Research Article
Information
Nationalities Papers , Volume 46 , Issue 4: Special Section: Classification , July 2018 , pp. 539 - 555
Copyright
Copyright © 2018 Association for the Study of Nationalities 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Aguirre, Sergio. 1995. De nacionalidad a nación en Cuba. Havana: Editorial.Google Scholar
Akiner, Shirin. 1995. The Formation of Kazakh Identity; From Tribe to Nation-State. London: Royal Institute of International Affairs.Google Scholar
Anderson, Benedict. 1983. Imagined Communities. London: Verso.Google Scholar
Anderson, Margo, and Fienberg, Stephen. 2000. “Race and Ethnicity and the Controversy over the US Census.” Current Sociology 48 (3): 87–110.Google Scholar
Andjelić, Neven. 2012. “Bosnia and Herzegovina: Citizenship versus Nationality.” In After Yugoslavia: Identities and Politics within the Successor States, edited by Hudson, Robert and Bowman, Glenn, 120–131. London: Palgrave.Google Scholar
Arel, Dominique. 2002. “Interpreting ‘Nationality’ and ‘Language’ in the 2001 Ukrainian Census.” Post-Soviet Affairs 18 (3): 213–249.Google Scholar
Arendt, Hannah. 2003. Responsibility and Judgment. New York: Shocken.Google Scholar
Asch, Michael. 2002. “From Terra Nullius to Affirmation: Reconciling Aboriginal Rights with the Canadian Constitution.” Canadian Journal of Law and Society 17 (2): 23–39.Google Scholar
Aspinall, Peter J. 2009. “The Future of Ethnicity Classifications.” Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 35 (9): 1417–1435.Google Scholar
Aspinall, Peter J., Song, Miri 2014. “Capturing ‘Mixed Race’ in the Deciannial UK Censuses: Are Current Approaches Sustainable in the Age of Globalization and Superdiversity?” In Global Mixed Race, edited by King-O'Riain, Rebecca, 213–237. New York: New York University Press.Google Scholar
Avrutin, Eugene. 2010. Jews and the Imperial State: Identification Politics in Tsarist Russia. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Azaryahu, Maoz. 2012. “Hebrew, Arabic, English: The Politics of Multilingual Street Signs in Israeli Cities.” Social and Cultural Geography 13 (5): 461–479.Google Scholar
Bassin, Mark, and Kelly, Catriona. 2012. Soviet and Post-Soviet Identities. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Bates, Crispin. 1995. Race, Caste and Tribe in Central India: The Early Origins of Indian Anthropometry. Edinburgh: University of Edinburgh.Google Scholar
Baycroft, Timothy. 2008. Inventing the Nation: France. London: Arnold.Google Scholar
Benwell, Matthew. 2014. “From the Banal to the Blatant: Expressions of Nationalism in Secondary Schools in Argentina and the Falkland Islands.” Geoforum 52:51–60.Google Scholar
Berg, Lawrence, and Vuolteenaho, Jani, eds. 2009. Critical Toponymies: The Contested Politics of Place Naming. London: Ashgate.Google Scholar
Berger, Stefan. 2004. Inventing the Nation: Germany. London: Arnold.Google Scholar
Bilinsky, Yaroslav. 1996. Ukraine: From Nationality to Nation. Boulder: Westview Press.Google Scholar
Billig, Michael. 1995. Banal Nationalism. London: Sage.Google Scholar
Bowker, G. C., and Star, S. L. 1999. “The Case of Race Classification and Reclassification under Apartheid.” In Sorting Things Out: Classification and its Consequences, edited by Bowker, G. C. and Star, S. L., 195–225. Boston, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Braunius, Karl. 1939. “Der slowakische Nationalismus.” Zeitschrift für Politik 29 (3): 168–182.Google Scholar
Brock, Peter. 1992. Folk Cultures and Little Peoples: Aspects of National Awakening in East Central Europe. Boulder, CO: East European Monographs.Google Scholar
Brubaker, Rogers. 2015. Grounds for Difference. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Brubaker, Rogers, and Cooper, Frederick. 2000. “Beyond ‘Identity’.” Theory and Society 29: 1–47.Google Scholar
Bruinessen, Martin Van. 1998. “Shifting National and Ethnic Identities: The Kurds in Turkey and the European Diaspora.” Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs 18 (1): 39–52.Google Scholar
Bryan, Bradley. 2000. “Property as Ontology: on Aboriginal and English Understandings of Ownership.” The Canadian Journal of Law and Jurisprudence 13 (1): 3–31.Google Scholar
Burghardt, Andrew. 1973. “The Bases of Territorial Claims.” Geographical Review 63 (2): 225–245.Google Scholar
Christopher, Anthony. 2002. “‘To Define the Indefinable’: Population Classification and the Census in South Africa.” Area 34 (4): 401–408.Google Scholar
Comerford, R.V. 2003. Inventing the Nation: Ireland. London: Arnold.Google Scholar
Conforti, Yitzhak. 2012. “Zionist Awareness of the Jewish Past: Inventing Tradition or Renewing the Ethnic Past?” Studies in Ethnicity and Nationalism 12 (1): 155–171.Google Scholar
Connor, Walker. 1978. “A Nation Is a Nation, Is a State, Is an Ethnic Group Is a ….” Ethnic and Racial Studies 1 (4): 377–400.Google Scholar
Connor, Michael. 2005. The Invention of Terra Nullius: Historical and Legal Fictions on the Foundation of Australia. Sydney: Macleay Press.Google Scholar
Corliss, John. 1976. “On Lumpers and Splitters of Higher Taxa in Ciliate Systematics.” Transactions of the American Microscopical Society 95 (3): 430–442.Google Scholar
Coury, Ralph. 1982. “Who ‘Invented’ Egyptian Arab Nationalism?” International Journal of Middle East Studies 14 (3): 249–281.Google Scholar
Danforth, Loring. 1997. The Macedonian Conflict: Ethnic Nationalism in a Transnational World. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Dave, Bhavna. 2004. “Entitlement Through Numbers: Nationality and Language Categories in the First Post-Soviet Census of Kazakhstan.” Nations and Nationalism 10 (4): 439–459.Google Scholar
Denton, Nancy. 1997. “Racial Identity and Census Categories: Can Incorrect Categories Yield Correct Information.” Law and Inequality 15:83–97.Google Scholar
Dikötter, Frank. 2008. “The Racialization of the Globe: An Interactive Interpretation.” Ethnic and Racial Studies 31 (8): 1478–1496.Google Scholar
Dimitrovova, Bohdana. 2001. “Bosniak or Muslim? Dilemma of one Nation with two Names.” Southeast European Politics 2 (2): 94–108.Google Scholar
Djokić, Dejan, ed. 2003. Yugoslavism: Histories of a Failed Idea, 1918–1992. London: Hurst. Dodge, Toby. 2003. Inventing Iraq: The Failure of Nation-Building and a History Denied. London: Hurst.Google Scholar
Doumanis, Nicholas. 2001. Inventing the Nation: Italy. London: Arnold.Google Scholar
Editors, The. 1999. “Editorial.” National Identities 1 (1): 5–6.Google Scholar
Endersby, Jim. 2009. “Lumpers and Splitters: Darwin, Hooker, and the Search for Order.” Science 326 (5959): 1496–1499.Google Scholar
Etzioni, Amitai. 2002. “Inventing Hispanics: A Diverse Minority Resists Being Labeled.” The Brookings Review 20 (1): 10–13.Google Scholar
Fathi, Schirin 1994. Jordan-an Invented Nation? Tribe-State Dynamic and the Formation of National Identity. Hamburg: Deutsches Orient Institut.Google Scholar
Finnane, Antonia. 1996. “What Should Chinese Women Wear? A National Problem.” Modern China 22 (2): 99–131.Google Scholar
Firro, Kais. 2002. Inventing Lebanon: Nationalism and the State under the Mandate. London: IB Tauris.Google Scholar
Fishman, Joshua. 1974. “Language Modernization and Planning in Comparison with Other Types of National Modernization and Planning.” In Advances in Language Planning, edited by Fishman, Joshua, 79–102. The Hague: Mouton.Google Scholar
Frank, Tibor. 1996. “From Austria-Hungary to the United States: National Minorities and Emigration 1880–1914.” Nationalities Papers 24 (3): 409–423.Google Scholar
Friedman, Philip. 1955. “The Jewish Badge and the Yellow Star in the Nazi Era.” Historia Judaica 17:45–63.Google Scholar
Frost, Alan. 1981. “New South Wales as Terra Nullius: The British Denial of Aboriginal Land Rights.” Australian Historical Studies 19 (77): 513–523.Google Scholar
Garcelon, Marc. 2001. “Colonizing the Subject: The Genealogy and Legacy of the Soviet Internal Passport.” In Documenting Individual Identity: The Development of State Practices in the Modern World, edited by Torpey, John and Caplan, Jane, 83–100. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Gates, Nathaniel. 1997. Racial Classification and History. London: Taylor and Francis.Google Scholar
Gavashelishvili, Elene. 2012. “Anti-Modern and Anti-Globalist Tendencies in the Georgian Orthodox Church.” Identity Studies in the Caucasus and the Black Sea Region 4:118–137.Google Scholar
Geisler, Charles. 2012. “New Terra Nullius Narratives and the Gentrification of Africa's Empty Lands.” Journal of World-Systems Research 18 (1): 15–29.Google Scholar
Gellner, Ernest, and Breuilly, Charles. 2006. Nations and Nationalism. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Gellner, Ernest, and Micaud, Charles Antoine. 1972. Arabs and Berbers: From Tribe to Nation in North Africa. Lexington, MA: Lexington Books.Google Scholar
Gladney, Dru. 1996. “Relational Alterity: Constructing Dungan (Hui), Uygur, and Kazakh Identities across China, Central Asia, and Turkey.” History and Anthropology 9 (4): 445–477.Google Scholar
Goldscheider, Calvin. 2002. “Ethnic Categorization in Censuses: Comparative Observations from Israel, Canada, and the United States.” In Census and Identity: The Politics of Race, Ethnicity, and Language in National Censuses, edited by Kertzer, David and Arel, Dominique, 71–91. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Gormley, Paul. 1966. “The Eastern Greenland Case in Historical Perspective.” Tulsa Law Review 3 (1): 93–102.Google Scholar
Gourd, Charles Allen. 1984. No Contest: Dependent Sovereignty from Tribe to Nation. Lawrence: University of Kansas.Google Scholar
Göderle, Wolfgang. 2016. “Administration, Science, and the State: The 1869 Population Census in Austria-Hungary.” Austrian History Yearbook 47:61–88.Google Scholar
Guha, Sumit. 2003. “The Politics of Identity and Enumeration in India c. 1600–1990.” Comparative Studies in Society and History 45 (1): 148–167.Google Scholar
Gunter, Michael. 1988. “The Kurdish Problem in Turkey.” Middle East Journal 42 (3): 389–406.Google Scholar
Hall, Stuart. 2000. “Who Needs Identity?” In Identity: A Reader, edited by DuGay, Paul, Evans, Jessica, and Redman, Peter, 15–30. London: Sage.Google Scholar
Harrison, Henrietta. 2001. Inventing the Nation: China. London: Arnold.Google Scholar
Haugen, Einar. 1966. “Dialect, Language, Nation.” American Anthropologist 68 (4): 922–935.Google Scholar
Hennessey, Thomas. 2005. Dividing Ireland: World War One and Partition. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Higgs, Edward. 2011. Identifying the English: A History of Personal Identification 1500 to the Present. London: Bloomsbury.Google Scholar
Hirsch, Francine. 1997. “The Soviet Union as a Work-in-Progress: Ethnographers and the Category Nationality in the 1926, 1937, and 1939 Censuses.” Slavic Review 56 (2): 251–278.Google Scholar
Hirschman, Charles. 1987. “The Meaning and Measurement of Ethnicity in Malaysia: An Analysis of Census Classifications.” Journal of Asian Studies 46 (3): 555–582.Google Scholar
Hirsh, Francine. 2005. Empire of Nations: Ethnographic Knowledge and the Making of the Soviet Union. Ithaca, NY: SUNY.Google Scholar
Hitler, Adolf. 1944. Hitler's Words. Washington, DC: American Council on Public Affairs.Google Scholar
Hobsbawm, Eric. 1994. “The Nation as Invented Tradition.” In Nationalism, edited by Hutchinson, John and Smith, Anthony, 76–82. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Hochschild, Jennifer. 2000. “Lumpers and Splitters, Individuals and Structures.” In Racialized Politics: The Debate about Racism in America, edited by Sears, David and Sidanius, Jim, 324–343. Chicago: University of Chicago.Google Scholar
Hoddie, Matthew. 1998. “Ethnic Identity Change in the People's Republic of China: An Explanation Using Data from the 1982 and 1990 Census Enumerations.” Nationalism and Ethnic Politics 4 (1–2): 119–141.Google Scholar
Hrobak, Phillip Anthony. 1958. Czechoslovakia, History “Made to Order”. Cleveland, OH: Slovak League of America.Google Scholar
Hroch, Miroslav. 1985. Social Preconditions of National Revival in Europe. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Hudson, Nicholas. 1996. “From ‘Nation’ to ‘Race’: The Origin of Racial Classification in Eighteenth-century Thought.” Eighteenth-century Studies 29 (3): 247–264.Google Scholar
Hudson, Kate. 2003. Breaking the South Slav Dream: The Rise and Fall of Yugoslavia. London: Pluto Press.Google Scholar
Humlebæk, Carsten. 2015. Inventing the Nation: Spain. London: Arnold.Google Scholar
Johnston, Alexander. 2014. Inventing the Nation: South Africa. London: Arnold.Google Scholar
Jones, Rhys, and Merriman, Peter. 2009. “Hot, Banal and Everyday Nationalism: Bilingual Road Signs in Wales.” Political Geography 28 (3): 164–173.Google Scholar
Josselson, Ruthellen, and Harway, Michele. 2012. Navigating Multiple Identities: Race, Gender, Culture, Nationality, and Roles. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Judson, Pieter. 2006. Guardians of the Nation: Activists on the Language Frontiers of Imperial Austria. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Kamusella, Tomasz. 2004. “On the Similarity between the Concepts of Nation and Language.” Canadian Review of Studies in Nationalism 31 (1/2): 107–112.Google Scholar
Kamusella, Tomasz. 2006. “The Isomorphism of Language, Nation, and State: The Case of Central Europe.” In Nationalisms Across the Globe: An Overview of Nationalisms of State-Endowed and Stateless Nations, edited by Kamusella, Tomasz, Burszta, Wojciech, and Wojciechowski, Sebastian, 57–92. Poznan: Wyzsza Szkola Nauk Humanistycznych i Dziennikwarstwa.Google Scholar
Karade, Jagan, ed. 2008. Development of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes in India. Newcastle: Cambridge Scholars.Google Scholar
Kelman, Herbert. 1992. “Acknowledging the Other's Nationhood: How to Create a Momentum for the Israeli-Palestinian Negotiations.” Journal of Palestine Studies 22 (1): 18–38.Google Scholar
Kemper, Michael, and Conermann, Stephan, eds. 2011. The Heritage of Soviet Oriental Studies. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Kerzer, David, and Arel, Dominique, eds. 2002. Census and Identity: The Politics of Race, Ethnicity, and Language in National Censuses. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Khalfani, Akil Kokayi, and Zuberi, Tukufu. 2001. “Racial Classification and the Modern Census in South Africa, 1911–1996.” Race and Society 4 (2): 161–176.Google Scholar
Khalid, Adeed. 1999. The Politics of Muslim Cultural Reform: Jadidism in Central Asia. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Khan, Mirza Mehdy. 1893. Census of India, 1891, Vol. XXIII, His Highness the Nizam's Dominions. 1 vol. Bombay: Jehangir Marzban.Google Scholar
Kidwell, Clara Sue. 2008. The Choctaws in Oklahoma: From Tribe to Nation, 1855–1970. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press.Google Scholar
klawida, Pavel. 2015. “National Classification in the Politics of the State Census. The Bohemian Lands 1880–1930.” Bohemia 55 (1): 67–95.Google Scholar
Kohut, Zeman. 1986. “The Development of the Little Russian Identity and Ukrainian Nation-Building.” Harvard Ukrainian Studies 6 (3–4): 559–576.Google Scholar
Krishnamurthy, Ramesh. 1996. “Ethnic, Racial and Tribal: The Language of Racism.” In Texts and Practices: Readings in Critical Discourse Analysis, edited by Caldas-Coulthard, Carmen and Coulthard, Malcolm, 129–149. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Kroskrity, Paul, ed. 2000. Regimes of Language: Ideologies, Polities, and Identities. Oxford: James Currey.Google Scholar
Kurzman, Charles. 1999. “Uzbekistan: The Invention of Nationalism in an Invented Nation.” Critique: Critical Middle Eastern Studies 8 (15): 77–98.Google Scholar
Laitin, David. 1998. Identity in Formation: The Russian-speaking Populations in the Near Abroad. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Lampe, John. 2000. Yugoslavia as History: Twice There was a Country. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Lazarević, Dragana. 2011. “Inventing Balkan Identities: Finding the Founding Fathers and Myths of Origin – The Montenegrin Case.” Serbian Studies: Journal of the North American Society for Serbian Studies 25 (2): 171–197.Google Scholar
Lee, Sharon. 1993. “Racial Classifications in the US Census: 1890–1990.” Ethnic and Racial Studies 16 (1): 75–94.Google Scholar
Leff, Carol. 1988. National Conflict in Czechoslovakia: The Making and Remaking of a State, 1918–1987. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Lie, John. 2004. Modern Peoplehood. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Lieber, Michael. 1997. “Murky Minds, Many Muddles: The Concept of Race.” In Cultural Diversity in the United States, edited by Naylor, Larry, 53–74. Westport, CT: Greenwood.Google Scholar
Lieberman, Leonard. 1968. “The Debate over Race: A Study in the Sociology of Knowledge.” Phylon 29 (2): 127–141.Google Scholar
Lieven, Dominic. 1998. “Russian, Imperial and Soviet Identities.” Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, Sixth Series, 8:253–269.Google Scholar
López, María Pabón. 2008. “More than a License to Drive: State Restrictions on the Use of Driver's Licenses by Noncitizens.” Southern Illinois University Law Journal 29: 91–128.Google Scholar
Lyon, David. 2009. Identifying Citizens: ID Cards as Surveillance. Cambridge: Polity Press.Google Scholar
Lyon, Alynna, and Uçarer, Emek. 2001. “Mobilizing Ethnic Conflict: Kurdish Separatism in Germany and the PKK.” Ethnic and Racial Studies 24 (6): 925–948.Google Scholar
Malešević, Siniša. 2006. Identity as Ideology: Understanding Ethnicity and Nationalism. London: Palgrave.Google Scholar
Malešević, Siniša. 2008. “The Chimera of National Identity.” Nations and Nationalism 17 (2): 272–290.Google Scholar
Maxwell, Alexander. 2007. “Slavic Macedonian Nationalism: From ‘Regional’ to ‘Ethnic.‘” Ethnologia Balkanica 11:127–154.Google Scholar
Maxwell, Alexander. 2012. “Tobacco as Cultural Signifier: A Cultural History of Masculinity and Nationality in Habsburg Hungary.” Hungarian Cultural Studies 5:45–64.Google Scholar
Maxwell, Alexander. 2014. Patriots Against Fashion: Clothing and Nationalism in Europe's Age of Revolutions. London: Palgrave.Google Scholar
Maxwell, Alexander. 2015. “Taxonomies of the Slavic World since the Enlightenment: Schematizing Perceptions of Slavic Ethnonyms in a Chart.” Language and History 58 (1): 24–54.Google Scholar
McMahon, Sean. 2010. The Discourse of Palestinian-Israeli Relations: Persistent Analytics and Practices. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Meaney, Neville. 2001. “Britishness and Australian Identity: The Problem of Nationalism in Australian History and Historiography.” Australian Historical Studies 32 (116): 76–90.Google Scholar
Montgomery, Ken. 2005. “Banal Race-Thinking: Ties of Blood, Canadian History Textbooks and Ethnic Nationalism.” Paedagogica Historica 41 (3): 313–336.Google Scholar
Moore, Deborah Dash. 1999. “Inventing Jewish Identity in California: Shlomo Bardin, Zionism and the Brandeis Camp Institute.” In National Variations in Jewish Identity, edited by Cohen, Steven and Horenczyk, Gabriel, 201–221. Albany: State University of New York.Google Scholar
Mullaney, Thomas. 2010. Coming to Terms with the Nation: Ethnic Classification in Modern China. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Observator. 1938. “The Struggle of Hungarians in Czecho-Slovakia.” Danubian Review 5(12), 6(1): 13–24; 13–25.Google Scholar
Ortmann, Stephan. 2010. “Singapore: The Politics of Inventing National Identity.” Journal of Current Southeast Asian Affairs 28 (4): 23–46.Google Scholar
Østergaard-Nielsen, Eva. 2003. Transnational Politics: The Case of Turks and Kurds in Germany. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Palmer, Steven Paul. 1991. “A Liberal Discipline: Inventing Nations in Guatemala and Costa Rica, 1870–1900.” Ph.D. diss., Columbia University.Google Scholar
Pant, Rashmi. 1987. “The Cognitive Status of Caste in Colonial Ethnography: A Review of Some Literature on the North West Provinces and Oudh.” Indian Economic and Social History Review 24 (2): 145–162.Google Scholar
Papavizas, George. 2006. Claiming Macedonia: The Struggle for the Heritage, Territory and Name of the Historic Hellenic Land, 1862–2004. Jefferson, NC: McFarland.Google Scholar
Paul, Ellen. 1998. “Czech Teschen Silesia and the Controversial Czechoslovak Census of 1921.” Polish Review 43 (2): 161–171.Google Scholar
Pavković, Aleksandar. 1999. “Yugoslavism: A National Identity That Failed?.” In Citizenship and National Identity in Europe, edited by Murray, Philomena and Holmes, Leslie, 147–185. Aldershot: Ashgate.Google Scholar
Peabody, Norbert. 2001. “Cents, Sense, Census: Human Inventories in Late Precolonial and Early Colonial India.” Comparative Studies in Society and History 43 (4): 819–850.Google Scholar
Peeva, Adela. 2003. Chia e tazi pesen? (Whose is this Song?) (70 minutes).Google Scholar
Petersen, William. 1987. “Politics and the Measurement of Ethnicity.” In The Politics of Numbers, edited by Alonso, William and Starr, Paul, 187–223. New York: Russell Sage.Google Scholar
Quataert, Donald. 1997. “Clothing Laws, State, and Society in the Ottoman Empire, 1720–1829.” International Journal of Middle East Studies 29 (3): 403–425.Google Scholar
Rakove, Jack. 2010. Revolutionaries: Inventing an American Nation. London: Random House.Google Scholar
Rejwan, Nissim. 1999. Israel in Search of Identity: Reading the Formative Years. Gainesville: University Press of Florida.Google Scholar
Ribeiro, Aileen. 1988. Fashion in the French Revolution. London: Batsford.Google Scholar
Roudometof, Victor. 1996. “Nationalism and Identity Politics in the Balkans: Greece and the Macedonian Question.” Journal of Modern Greek Studies 14 (2): 253–301.Google Scholar
Roufs, Timothy, and Roufs, Kathleen Smyth. 2014. Sweet Treats Around the World: An Encyclopedia of Food and Culture. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO.Google Scholar
Rush, Anne Spry. 2011. Bonds of Empire: West Indians and Britishness from Victoria to Decolonization. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Rychlik, Jan, ed. 1995. R.W. Seton-Watson and his Relations with the Czechs and Slovaks, Documents, vol. 1. Prague: Ústav T.G. Masaryka.Google Scholar
Sand, Shlomo. 2009. The Invention of the Jewish People. London: Verso.Google Scholar
Sandercock, Leonie. 2009. “Inventing a Multicultural Nation: Canada's Evolving Story.” In Where Strangers Become Neighbours, edited by Sandercock, Leonie and Attili, Giovanni, 3–33. Amsterdam: Springer.Google Scholar
Scassa, Teresa. 1996. “National Identity, Ethnic Surnames and the State.” Canadian Journal of Law and Society 11 (2): 167–191.Google Scholar
Schubert, Gunter. 2008. “Taiwan's Evolving National Identity since the DPP Takeover: From Civic to Ethnic?” In Presidential Politics in Taiwan, edited by Goldstein, Steven and Chang, Julian, 85–115. Norwalk, CT: EastBridge.Google Scholar
Sharma, Surya Prakash. 1997. Territorial Acquisition, Disputes, and International Law. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff.Google Scholar
Shea, John. 2008. Macedonia and Greece: The Struggle to Define a new Balkan Nation. Jefferson, NC: McFarland.Google Scholar
Simonsen, Sven G. 2005. “Between Minority Rights and Civil Liberties: Russia's Discourse over ‘Nationality’ Registration and the Internal Passport.” Nationalities Papers 33 (2): 211–229.Google Scholar
Simpson, George Gaylord. 1945. “The Principles of Classification and a Classification of Mammals.” Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 85:1–350.Google Scholar
Simpson, Gerry. 1993. “Mabo, International Law, Terra Nullius and the Stories of Settlement: An Unresolved Jurisprudence.” Melbourne University Law Review 19:195–210.Google Scholar
Skey, Michael. 2009. “The National in Everyday Life: A Critical Engagement with Michael Billig's Thesis of Banal Nationalism.” Sociological Review 57 (2): 331–346.Google Scholar
Spickard, Paul, ed. 2013. Multiple Identities: Migrants, Ethnicity, and Membership. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.Google Scholar
Suppan, Arnold. 2003. “Yugoslavism versus Serbian, Croatian, and Slovene Nationalism.” In Yugoslavia and its Historians. Understanding the Balkan Wars of the 1990s, edited by Naimark, Norman and Case, Holly, 116–139. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Tajfel, Henri. 1981. Human Groups and Social Categories. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Talbot, Ian. 2000. Inventing the Nation: India and Pakistan. London: Arnold.Google Scholar
Tolz, Vera. 2001. Inventing the Nation: Russia. London: Arnold.Google Scholar
Torpey, John. 2000. The Invention of the Passport: Surveillance, Citizenship and the State. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Troch, Pieter. 2013. “Interactive Nationhood: The Relation between Croatian and Yugoslav National Identity in the Interwar Period.” Nations and Nationalism 19 (4): 781–798.Google Scholar
Troch, Pieter. 2014. “From ‘and’ to ”Either/or“: Nationhood in Montenegro During the Yugoslav Twentieth Century.” East European Politics and Societies 28 (1): 25–48.Google Scholar
Tziampiris, Aristotle. 2011. “Greece and the Macedonian Question: An Assessment of Recent Claims and Criticisms.” Southeast European and Black Sea Studies 11 (1): 69–83.Google Scholar
Ubiria, Grigol. 2016. Soviet Nation-Building in Central Asia: The Making of the Kazakh and Uzbek Nations. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Ulfstein, Geir. 1995. The Svalbard Treaty: From Terra Nullius to Norwegian Sovereignty. Spetsbergen: Aschehoug.Google Scholar
Verkuyten, Maykel. 2014. Identity and Cultural Diversity: What Social Psychology Can Teach Us. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Vidal, Gore. 2004. Inventing a Nation: Washington, Adams, Jefferson. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Vranješ-Šoljan, Božena. 2008. “The First General Census in the Habsburg Monarchy in 1857: Conception, Methodology and Classification of Census Labels.” Casopis za suvremenu povijest 40 (2): 517–544.Google Scholar
Wachtel, Andrew. 1998. Making a Nation, Breaking a Nation: Literature and Cultural Politics in Yugoslavia. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Waslin, Michele. 2013. “Driving while Immigrant: Driver's License Policy and Immigration Enforcement.” In Outside Justice, Immigration and the Criminalizing Impact of Changing Policy and Practice, edited by Brotherton, David, Stageman, Daniel, and Leyro, Shirley, 3–22. New York: Springer.Google Scholar
Watson, Irene. 2002. “Aboriginal Laws and the Sovereignty of Terra Nullius.” Borderlands 1 (2), no page numbers.Google Scholar
Wills, Garry. 2002. Inventing America: Jefferson's Declaration of Independence. New York: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt.Google Scholar
Wolff, Larry. 2002. Venice and the Slavs: the Discovery of Dalmatia in the Age of Enlightenment. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Yost, Charles, and Bassiouni, M. C. 1971. “‘Self-determination’ and the Palestinians.” American Journal of International Law 65 (4): 31–40.Google Scholar
Zake, leva. 2007. “Inventing Culture and Nation: Intellectuals and Early Latvian Nationalism.” National Identities 9 (4): 307–329.Google Scholar
Zaslavsky, Victor, and Luryi, Yuri. 1979. “The Passport System in the USSR and Changes in Soviet Society.” Soviet and Post-Soviet Review 6 (1): 137–153.Google Scholar
Zeller, Suzanne. 2009. Inventing Canada: Early Victorian Science and the Idea of a Transcontinental Nation. Montral: McGill-Queen's University Press.Google Scholar