The phylogenetic position of members of the entirely asexually reproducing lichen-forming genera Lepraria and Leproloma was investigated using sequence data from the ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 and small subunit (SSU) nuclear ribosomal DNA. Phylogenetic reconstructions were carried out using a likelihood-based Bayesian Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) tree sampling technique and the unweighted least squares optimality criterion, the latter based on maximum likelihood distances obtained via an alignment-free distance estimation technique. The results indicate that most species currently referred to Lepraria and Leproloma form a single monophyletic group. This monophyletic group is the sister group to Stereocaulon and Muhria and belongs in the Stereocaulaceae (Lecanorales, Lecanoromycetes, Ascomycota). This indicates that an ancestor of Lepraria switched from a sexual to an asexual mode of dispersal. Subsequent speciation must have taken place in the absence of sexual processes, which contradicts the view of asexual taxa as ‘evolutionary dead ends’. Leproloma is polyphyletic and nested within Lepraria. Lepraria flavescens is a Lecanora, probably belonging in subgenus Glaucomaria. Lepraria lesdainii and L. obtusatica are unrelated to each other and to other species currently referred to Lepraria or Leproloma. Leprocaulon and Crocynia are distantly related to the core group of Lepraria and Leproloma.