Ericoid endomycorrhizal fungi (two isolates of Hymenoscyphus ericae obtained from unpolluted heathlands and two H. ericae-type endophytes isolated from Calluna vulgaris growing on Cu-contaminated mine spoil) were grown for 14 d on 10% Rorison's solution containing sodium phytate as the sole P source and either trace (0.16 μM) or elevated (0.25 mM) concentrations of Cu. The elevated levels of Cu in the medium had no effect on the growth of the two H. ericae-type endophytes from mine spoil sites but caused a significant reduction in growth of the two H. ericae isolates from unpolluted sites. Wall, cytoplasmic and extracellular fractions were assayed for phosphomonoesterase (PMEase) and phosphodiesterase (PDEase) activity. Km and Vmax values varied between the different endophytes and both were highest in the wall fractions. Wall-bound phosphatase activity, excluding PDEase of one H. ericae-type endophyte, was generally unaffected after the isolates had been grown on medium containing 0.25 mM Cu. Extracellular PDEase of the two H. ericae-type endophytes from mine spoil sites was stimulated by 0.25 mM Cu in the growth medium. Cu concentrations up to 5.0 mM in the assay medium did not inhibit wall-bound phosphatase activity whereas three of the isolates showed a stimulation of extracellular activity with increasing Cu. The results are discussed in relation to phosphatase activity of ericoid endophytes on Cu-contaminated substrates.