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Thermodynamics of Gaseous Hydrogen and Hydrogen Transport in Metals

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  01 February 2011

Chris San Marchi  and
Brian P Somerday
Chris San Marchi
Affiliation:
[email protected], Sandia National Laboratories, Hydrogen and Metallurgical Sciences, 7011 East Ave, MS-9404, Livermore, CA, 94550, United States, 925 294 4880, 925 295 3410
Brian P Somerday
Affiliation:
[email protected], Sandia National Laboratories, Hydrogen and Metallurgical Sciences, 7011 East Ave, Livermore, CA, 94550, United States
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Abstract

The thermodynamics and kinetics of hydrogen dissolved in structural metals is often not addressed when assessing phenomena associated with hydrogen-assisted fracture. Understanding the behavior of hydrogen atoms in a metal lattice, however, is important for interpreting materials properties measured in hydrogen environments, and for designing structurally efficient components with extended lifecycles. The assessment of equilibrium hydrogen contents and hydrogen transport in steels is motivated by questions raised in the safety, codes and standards community about mixtures of gases containing hydrogen as well as the effects of stress and hydrogen trapping on the transport of hydrogen in metals. More broadly, these questions are important for enabling a comprehensive understanding of hydrogen-assisted fracture. We start by providing a framework for understanding the thermodynamics of pure gaseous hydrogen and then we extend this to treat mixtures of gases containing hydrogen. An understanding of the thermodynamics of gas mixtures is necessary for analyzing concepts for transitioning to a hydrogen-based economy that incorporate the addition of gaseous hydrogen to existing energy carrier systems such as natural gas distribution. We show that, at equilibrium, a mixture of gases containing hydrogen will increase the fugacity of the hydrogen gas, but that this increase is small for practical systems and will generally be insufficient to substantially impact hydrogen-assisted fracture. Further, the effects of stress and hydrogen trapping on the transport of atomic hydrogen in metals are considered. Tensile stress increases the amount of hydrogen dissolved in a metal and slightly increases hydrogen diffusivity. In some materials, hydrogen trapping has very little impact on hydrogen content and transport, while other materials show orders of magnitude increases of hydrogen content and reductions of hydrogen diffusivity.

Keywords

diffusionsteeltransportation
Type
Research Article
Information
MRS Online Proceedings Library (OPL) , Volume 1098: Symposium HH – The Hydrogen Economy , 2008 , 1098-HH08-01
Copyright
Copyright © Materials Research Society 2008

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