Published online by Cambridge University Press: 21 February 2011
High-resolution core-level photoemission spectroscopy allows the distinction of atoms in different layers and in inequivalent sites by their binding energy shifts. By comparison with model structures and reference samples, the number of atoms in each distinct chemical configuration can be determined. The chemical shifts induced by adsorption can be correlated with the electronegativity difference between the substrate and the adsorbate atoms. These observations provide a quantitative description of the interaction and reaction between adsorbates and surfaces, and important information about the atomic structure and the electronic properties can be deduced. Results from several representative systems including the adsorption of In, Ag, and Sn on Si(100) will be discussed.