Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-t7czq Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-29T07:26:51.975Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

The Relationship Between Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Late 19th/Early 20th Century Wrought Iron Using the Generalized Method of Cells Model

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  21 March 2011

Jennifer J. Hooper ,
Lori Graham ,
Tim Foecke  and
Timothy P. Weihs
Jennifer J. Hooper
Affiliation:
Department of Materials Science and Engineering
Lori Graham
Affiliation:
Department of Civil EngineeringThe Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218
Tim Foecke
Affiliation:
National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD
Timothy P. Weihs
Affiliation:
Department of Materials Science and Engineering
Get access

Abstract

The discovery of the RMS Titanic has led to a number of scientific studies, one of which addresses the role that the structural materials played in the sinking of the ship. Chemical, microstructural, and mechanical analysis of the hull steel suggests that it was state-of-the-art for 1912 with adequate fracture toughness for the application. However, the quality of the wrought iron rivets may have been an important factor in the opening of the steel plates during flooding. Preliminary studies of Titanic wrought iron rivets revealed an orthotropic, inhomogeneous composite material composed of glassy iron silicate (slag) particles embedded in a ferrite matrix. To date, very little is understood about the properties of wrought iron from that period. Therefore, in order to assess the quality of the Titanic material, contemporary wrought iron was obtained from additional late 19th/early 20th century buildings, bridges, and ships for comparison. Image analysis completed on the Titanic wrought iron microstructure showed a high slag content that is very coarse and unevenly distributed. To investigate how microstructure impacts the mechanical properties, and hence the quality of late 19th/early 20th century wrought iron, a detailed analysis of the relationship between the microstructural features and the mechanical behavior was completed. Here we present the first step in that process: the use of the Generalized Method of Cells (GMC) to predict the mechanical response of composites with variable microstructural properties. The GMC tool is used to generate the effective inelastic behavior of the composite from the individual constituent properties.

Type
Research Article
Information
MRS Online Proceedings Library (OPL) , Volume 712: Symposium II – Materials Issues in Art and Archaeology VI , 2002 , II8.3
Copyright
Copyright © Materials Research Society 2002

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

1 Paley, M. and Aboudi, J. Mech. Mater., 14, 127 1992.Google Scholar
2 Aston, J and Story, E.B., Wrought Iron: Its Manufacture, Characteristics and Applications, (A.B. Meyers. Co., Pittsburgh, PA, 1936.Google Scholar
3 Morgan, J., Proc. Instn Civ.Engrs Structs & Bldgs, 134, 295 1999.Google Scholar
4 The Making, Shaping, and Treating of Steel, USS, (Herbick & Held, Pittsburgh, PA,1957.Google Scholar
5 The Making, Shaping, and Treating of Steel, USS, (Herbick & Held, Pittsburgh, PA, 1957.Google Scholar
6 Morgan, J., Proc. Instn Civ.Engrs Structs & Bldgs, 134, 295 1999.Google Scholar
7 Gordon, R.B., Archeomaterials, 2, 109 1988.Google Scholar
8 Paley, M. and Aboudi, J. Mech. Mater., 14, 127 1992.Google Scholar
9 Pindera, M-J. and Bednarcyk, B.A., Composites Part B. 30, 87 1999.Google Scholar
10 Aboudi, J. Mechanics of Composite Materials (Amsterdam, Elsevier, 1991.Google Scholar
11 Nanoindentation results will be detailed in a later paper.Google Scholar
12 ASM Metals Handbook (ASM International, Materials Park, OH, 1999)Google Scholar
13 Shear lag analysis to determine fracture strength of slag found in J.J. Hooper, L. Graham, T. Foecke and Weihs, T.P., An analysis of the mechanical properties of wrought iron using the Generalized Method of Cells (to be published)Google Scholar
14 Kemp, E. and Tice, P.C., “An Evaluation of the Skeletal Structure of the West Virginia Independence Hall, 1859”, Contract No. T699-CIDDMOC Subtask E-1, CFC95-225, Constructed Facilities Center, College of Engineering and Mineral Resources, West Virginia University, 1996.Google Scholar
15 Ranges for these measured values, as well as the resultant stress-strain curves can be found in reference number 14.Google Scholar
16 See Aboudi, J. Micromechanical Analysis of Thermo-Inelastic Multiphase Short-Fiber Composites. Composites Engineering, 5 (7). 839-850 (1995), Bednarcyk B.A. and Arnold S.M. Micromechanics-based deformation and failure prediction for longitudinally reinforced titanium composites. Composites Science and Technology, 61. 705–729.(2001), Pahr, D.H., S.M. Arnold The Applicability of the Generalized Method of Cells for Analyzing Discontinuously Reinforced Composites. Composites: Part B, 33. 153–170 2002.Google Scholar