Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-t5tsf Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-17T18:22:21.521Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Multivariate Statistical Analysis of the Wfarddc North American Fly Ash Database

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  15 February 2011

Hans S. Pietersen ,
Simon P. Vriend  and
Gregory J. Mccarthy
Hans S. Pietersen
Affiliation:
Delft Technical University, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Materials Science Section, 2628 CN Delft, The Netherlands
Simon P. Vriend
Affiliation:
University of Utrecht, Institute of Earth Sciences, Faculty of Geochemistry, 3508 TA UTRECHT, The Netherlands
Gregory J. Mccarthy
Affiliation:
Department of Chemistry, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58105 U.S.A.
Get access

Abstract

The database of chemical, mineralogical and physical characteristics of North American Fly ashes, assembled by the WFARDDC in North Dakota, was analyzed using multivariate statistics. Prior to the multivariate analysis, the data were rearranged in subgroups containing information on bulk-chemistry, glass chemistry, mineralogy and ASTM physical test results. These groups were analyzed individually. The multivariate technique used was Fuzzy C-Means Cluster Analysis, combined with Non-Linear Mapping. Analysis of the data-set indicates a relation between glass network former and network modifier content. The database shows that a subdivision on the basis of bulk CaO (< 11%; 11–20%; >20%) correlates well with the ASTM C618 Σ(SiO2 +Al2O3 +Fe2O3) and/or specific gravity. Mineralogical data indicate a subdivision into clusters containing varying amounts of mullite, quartz and/or ferrite spinel and a variety of Ca-containing minerals; high CaO ashes usually have high Ca-mineral contents. Of the CaO containing minerals, only portlandite contributed slightly to the compressive strength as defined by ASTM C618. Analysis of glass chemistry reveals smaller differences in absolute amounts of major oxides than would be expected on the basis of bulk chemistry alone. Surprisingly, the total glass content does not contribute significantly to 28 day compressive strength; multiple regression analysis only indicates a significant relation of particle size and specific gravity with the ASTM Pozzolanic Activity Index (portland cement). The Pozzolanic Activity Index with lime seems to be of limited importance in evaluating the performance of fly ashes as mineral admixtures in concrete. On the basis of the statistical analysis, suggestions for selection of important classifying variables are made.

Type
Research Article
Information
MRS Online Proceedings Library (OPL) , Volume 245: Symposium K – Advanced Cementitious Systems: Mechanisms and Properties , 1991 , 3
Copyright
Copyright © Materials Research Society 1992

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

1. Fly Ash and Coal Conversion By-Products: Characterization. Utilization and Disposal, Mater. Res. Soc. Proc. Vols. 43.65. 86, 113, 178, (Materials Research Society, Pittsburgh, PA, 1985, 1987, 1988, 1989, 1990).Google Scholar
2. Helmuth, R., Fly Ash in Cement and Concrete, Portland Cement Association, Skokie, II (1987).Google Scholar
3. Fly Ash, Silica Fume. Slag and Natural Pozzolans in Concrete, edited by Malhotra, V.M. (American Concrete Institute SP–114, Trondheim, 1989).Google Scholar
4. Stevenson, R.J. and Larson, R.A. in Fly Ash and Coal Conversion By-Products: Characterization. Utilization and Disposal, edited by McCarthy, G.J. and Lauf, R.J., (Mater. Res. Soc. Proc. Vol.43 (Materials Research Society, Pittsburgh, PA, 1985) pp. 177–186.Google Scholar
5. Stevenson, R.J. and Huber, T.P. in Fly Ash and Coal Conversion By-Products: Characterization, Utilization and Disposal, edited by McCarthy, G.J., Glasser, F.P., Roy, D.M. and Diamond, S., Mater. Res. Soc. Proc. Vol. 86, (Materials Research Society, Pittsburgh, PA 1987) pp. 99–108.Google Scholar
6. Stevenson, R.J. and Huber, T.P. in Fly Ash and Coal Conversion By-Products: Characterization. Utilization and Disoosal, edited by McCarthy, G.J., Glasser, F.P., Roy, D.M. and Hemmings, R.T., Mater. Res. Soc. Proc. Vol.113, (Materials Research Society, Pittsburgh, PA 1987) pp. 87–98.Google Scholar
7. White, E.L., Roy, D.M. and Cady, P.D. in Fly Ash and Coal Conversion By-Products: Characterization. Utilization and Disposal, edited by McCarthy, G.J., Glasser, F.P., Roy, D.M. and Diamond, S., Mater. Res. Soc. Proc. 86 (Materials Research Society, Pittsburgh, PA 1987) pp. 251–264.Google Scholar
8. Pietersen, H.S., Vriend, S.P., Poorter, R.E.P. and Bijen, J.M.in Fly Ash and Coal Conversion By-Products: Characterization. Utilization and Disposal, edited by Glasser, F.P. and Day, R.L., Mater. Res. Soc. Proc. Vol.178 (Materials Research Society, Pittsburgh, PA 1990) pp. 115–126.Google Scholar
9. McCarthy, G.J., Solem, J.K., Manz, O.E. and Hassett, D.J. in Fly Ash and Coal Conversion By-Products: Characterization. Utilization and Disposal, edited by Day, R.L. and Glasser, F.P., Mater. Res. Soc. Proc. Vol.178 (Materials Research Society, Pittsburgh, PA 1990) pp. 3–33.Google Scholar
10. Standard Specification C618 and Standard Method C311, Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol.04.02, American Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia, PA (1987).Google Scholar
11. Howarth, R.J. and Sinding-Larsen R., R. in Statistics and Data Analysis in Geochemical Prospecting, edited by Howarth, R.J., 2, Chap. 6, pp. 207–283. Elsevier.10.1016/B978-0-444-42038-1.50012-5Google Scholar
12. Zadeh, L.A., Inf. and Control 8, 338–353 (1965).10.1016/S0019-9958(65)90241-XGoogle Scholar
13. Bezdek, C.J., Ehrlich, R. and Full, W., FCM: the fuzzy c-means clustering algorithm, Comput. Geosci. 10, 191–203 (1984).Google Scholar
14. Bezdek, C.J., Pattern Recognition with Fuzzy Objective Function Algorithms, Plenum Press (1981).10.1007/978-1-4757-0450-1CrossRefGoogle Scholar
15. Gaans, P.F.M. van, Vriend, S.P., Wal, J. van der, Schuiling, R.D. in Intergral Rock analysis - a new approach to lithogeochemical exploration (Application: Carboniferous sediments of a coal exploration drilling, Limburg, The Netherlands), Institute of Earth Sciences, Dept. of Geochemistry, University of Utrecht, Contract MSM - 073 - NL (N), February 1986.Google Scholar
16. Everitt, B., Cluster Analysis, 2nd ed., Social Science Research Council, Halsted Press, New York (1980).Google Scholar
17. Sammon, J.W., IEEE Trans. Comput. C18, 401–409 (1969).10.1109/T-C.1969.222678CrossRefGoogle Scholar
18. Vriend, S.P., Practical Applications of Multivariate Statistics in Exploration Geochemistry, PhD. thesis, Utrecht University, Institute of Earth Sciences, The Netherlands (1990).Google Scholar
19. Hemmings, R.T. and Berry, E.E. in Fly Ash and Coal Conversion By-Products: Characterization. Utilization and Disposal, edited by McCarthy, G.J., Glasser, F.P., Roy, D.M. and Hemmings, R.T., Mater. Res. Soc. Proc. Vol.113, (Materials Research Society, Pittsburgh, PA 1988) pp. 3–38.Google Scholar
20. Pietersen, H. S, Fraay, A.L.A. and Bijen, J.M. in Fly Ash and Coal Convcrsion By-Products: Characterization. Utilization and Disposal, edited by Day, R.L. and Glaser, F.P., Mater. Res. Soc. Proc. Vol.178, (Materials Research Society, Pittsburgh, PA 1990) pp. 139–157.Google Scholar
21. Pratt, P.L. in Fly Ash and Coal Conversion By-Products: Characterization. Utilization and Disposal, edited by Day, R.L. and Glasser, F.P., Mater. Res. Soc. Proc. 178 (Materials Research Society, Pittsburgh, PA 1990) pp. 185.Google Scholar