Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-t7fkt Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-25T15:49:49.078Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

High–Resolution Low Energy Electron Diffraction Study of Surface Instabilities and Growth Dynamics

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  21 February 2011

H.-N. Yang
Affiliation:
Department of Physics, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180–3590
J.-K. Zuot
Affiliation:
Solid State Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831–6024
K. Fang
Affiliation:
Department of Physics, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180–3590
T.-M. Lu
Affiliation:
Department of Physics, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180–3590
G.-C. Wang
Affiliation:
Department of Physics, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180–3590
Get access

Abstract

Recent advances in high–resolution low–energy electron diffraction (HRLEED) techniques have led to a new capability which provides both very high spatial and temporal resolutions to probe quantitatively the equilibrium and dynamical processes that occur on surfaces and growth fronts. These techniques are especially powerful when the surface or growth front contains atomic steps. Different distributions of steps give different surface atomic pair correlation functions and therefore different angular profile shapes in the diffraction pattern. Recent examples of quantitative HRLEED study of low index plane equilibrium roughening and preroughening transitions are presented. In the growth dynamics, both two–level and multilevel step structures are considered. Examples of the measurements of growth exponents and dynamics scaling are presented.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © Materials Research Society 1992

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

1. Van Hove, M.A., Weinberg, W.H., and Chan, C.-M., Low Energy Electron Diffraction (Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1986).Google Scholar
2. Pendry, J.B. and Saldin, D.K., Surf. Sci. 145, 33 (1984);Google Scholar
Saldin, D.K., Pendry, J.B., Van Hove, M.A., and Somorjai, G.A., Phys. Rev. B 31, 1216 (1985).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
3. Bauer, E., in Structure and Dynamics of Surfaces II, edited by Schommers, W. and von Blankenhazen, P. (Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1987) p. 115.Google Scholar
4. Einstein, T.L., in Chemistry and Physics of Solid Surface VII, edited by Vanselow, R. and Howe, R.F. (Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1988) p. 307.Google Scholar
5. Williams, E.D. and Bartelt, N.C., Ultramicroscopy 31, 36 (1989).Google Scholar
6. He, Y.-L., Zuo, J.-K., Wang, G.-C., and Low, J.J., Surf. Sci. 255, 269 (1991) and references therein.Google Scholar
7. Heinz, K., in Kinetics of Interface Reactions, edited by Grunze, M. and Kreuzer, H.J. (Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1987) p. 202.Google Scholar
8. Kinetics of Ordering and Growth at Surfaces, edited by Lagally, M.G. (Plenum Press, NY, 1990).Google Scholar
9. Wang, G.-C., Zuo, J.-K., and Lu, T.-M., in Phase Transitions in Surface Films, edited by Taub, H. (Plenum Press, NY, 1991) p. 455.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
10. Henzler, M., in Dynamical Phenomena at Surfaces and Superlattices, edited by Nizzoli, F., Rieder, K.-H., and Willis, R.F. (Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1985) p. 14.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
11. Lagally, M.G., Savage, D.E., and Tringides, M.C., in Reflection High-Energy Electron Diffraction and Reflection Imaging of Surfaces, edited by Larsen, P.K. and Dobson, P.J. (Plenum Press, NY, 1988) p. 139.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
12. Scheithauer, U., Meyer, G., and Henzler, M., Surf. Sci. 178, 441 (1986).Google Scholar
13. Martin, J.A. and Lagally, M.G., J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A 1, 1210 (1983);CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lagally, M.G. and Martin, J.A., Rev. Sci. Instrum. 54, 1273 (1983).Google Scholar
14. Park, R.L., Houston, J.E., and Schreiner, D.G., Rev. Sci. Instrum. 42, 60 (1971);Google Scholar
Lagally, M.G., in Methods of Experimental Physics Vol. 22, edited by Park, R.L. and Lagally, M.G. (Academic Press, Orlando, 1985) p. 237.Google Scholar
15. Henzler, M., in Electron Spectroscopy for Surface Analysis, edited by Ibach, H. (Springer-Verlag, Berlin 1977) p. 117.Google Scholar
16. Surface Crystallography bv Low-Energy Electron Diffraction: Theory. Computation and Structural Results, edited by Van Hove, M.A. and Tong, S.Y. (Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1979);Google Scholar
The Structure of Surfaces III, edited by Tong, S.Y. (Springer-Verlag, NY, 1991).Google Scholar
17. Yang, H.-N., Lu, T.-M., and Wang, G.-C., Phys. Rev. B43, 4714 (1991).Google Scholar
18. Jagodzinski, H., Moritz, W., and Wolf, D., Surf. Sci. 77, 233, 249, 265, 283 (1978).Google Scholar
19. Zuo, J.-K., Harper, R.A., and Wang, G.-C., Appl. Phys. Lett. 51, 250 (1987).Google Scholar
20. He, Y.-L., Zuo, J.-K., and Wang, G.-C., Surf. Sci. 254, 21 (1991).Google Scholar
21. Yang, H.-N., Lu, T.-M., and Wang, G.-C., in preparation.Google Scholar
22. Zuo, J.-K., Wang, G.-C., and Lu, T.-M., Phys. Rev. Lett. 60, 1053 (1988);Google Scholar
Zuo, J.-K., Wang, G.-C., and Lu, T.-M., Phys. Rev. B39, 9432 (1989);Google Scholar
Zuo, J.-K., Wang, G.-C., and Lu, T.-M., Phys. Rev. B40, 524 (1989).Google Scholar
23. Tringides, M.C., Wu, P.K., and Lagally, M.G., Phys. Rev. Lett. 59, 315 (1987).Google Scholar
24. Busch, H. and Henzler, M., Phys. Rev. B 41, 4891 (1990).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
25. Zuo, J.-K. and Wendelken, J.F., Phys. Rev. Lett. 66, 2227 (1991) and references therein.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
26. Eng, P.J., Stephens, P.W., and Tse, T., preprint.Google Scholar
27. For example, Schick, M., in Progress in Surface Science, Vol. 11 (Pergamon Press, 1981) pp. 245292.Google Scholar
28. For general reviews, see Gunton, J.D., San Miguel, M., and Sahni, P.S., in Phase Transitions and Critical Phenomena, edited by Domb, C. and Lebowitz, J.L., (Academic, London, 1983) Vol. 8;Google Scholar
Furukawa, H., Adv. Phys. 34, 703 (1985);CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Binder, K., Physica A 140, 35 (1986);CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Binder, K., in Condensed Matter Research Using Neutrons, edited by Lovesey, S.W. and Scherm, R. (Plenum Press, NY 1985) p. 1.Google Scholar
29. Binder, K. and Landau, D.P., Surf. Sci. 61, 577 (1976).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
30. Lu, T.-M. and Lagally, M.G., Surf. Sci. 120, 47 (1982);Google Scholar
Pimbley, J.M. and Lu, T.-M., J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A 2, 457 (1984);Google Scholar
Pimbley, J.M. and Lu, T.-M., J. Appl. Phys. 58, 2184 (1985);Google Scholar
Pimbley, J.M. and Lu, T.-M., J. Appl. Phys. 57, 1121 (1985);Google Scholar
Pimbley, J.M. and Lu, T.-M., J. Appl. Phys. 57, 4583 (1985);Google Scholar
Pimbley, J.M. and Lu, T.-M., J. Appl. Phys. 59, 2439 (1986).Google Scholar
31. Lent, C.S. and Cohen, P.I., Surf. Sci. 139, 121 (1984);Google Scholar
Pukite, P.R., Lent, C.S., and Cohen, P.I., Surf. Sci. 161, 39 (1985);Google Scholar
Cohen, P.I., Surf. Sci. 216, 222 (1989).Google Scholar
32. Busch, H. and Henzler, M., Surf. Sci. 167, 534 (1986).Google Scholar
33. Jóos, B., Einstein, T.L., and Baitelt, N.C., Phys. Rev. B 43, 8153 (1991).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
34. Lifhitz, L.M., Zh. Eksp. Thor. Fiz. 42, 1354 (1962) [Sov. Phys. JEPT. 15, 939 (1962)];Google Scholar
Allen, S.M. and Cahn, J.W., Acta. Metall. 21, 1085 (1979).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
35. Ohta, T., Jasnow, D., and Kawasaki, K., Phys. Rev. Lett. 49, 1223 (1982).Google Scholar
36. Lifshitz, L.M. and Slyozov, V.V., J. Chem. Phys. Solids 15, 35 (1961).Google Scholar
37. Huse, D.A., Phys. Rev. B 34, 7845 (1986).Google Scholar
38. Voorhees, P.W. and Glicksman, M.E., Acta. Metall. 32, 2001 (1984).Google Scholar
39. Mazenko, G.F., Phys. Rev. Lett. 63, 1605 (1989); Phys. Rev. B42, 4487 (1990); Phys. Rev. B43, 5747 (1991).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
40. Yang, S.-N. and Lu, T.-M., Phys. Rev. B 38, 6881 (1988);Google Scholar
Yang, S.-N. and Lu, T.-M., in Reflection High Energy Electron Diffraction and Reflection Electron Imaging of Surfaces, edited by Larsen, P.K. and Dobson, P.J. (Plenum Press, NY, 1988) p. 225.Google Scholar
41. Tringides, M.C., Phys. Rev. Lett. 65, 1372 (1990).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
42. Zuo, J.-K. and Wendelken, J.F., preprint (1991).Google Scholar
43. Frenken, J.W.M. and van der Veen, J.F., Phys. Rev. Lett. 54, 134 (1985).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
44. Rommelse, K. and den Nijs, M., Phys. Rev. Lett. 59, 2578 (1987);Google Scholar
Rommelse, K. and den Nijs, M., Phys. Rev. B40, 4709 (1989);Google Scholar
den Nijs, M., Phys. Rev. Lett. 64, 435 (1990).Google Scholar
45. Kosterlitz, J.M. and Thouless, D.J., J. Phys. C 6, 1183 (1973);CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kosterlitz, J.M., J. Phys. C 7, 1046(1974).Google Scholar
46. For a review article, see Family, F., Physica A 168, 561 (1990).Google Scholar
47. For a book review, see Solid Far From Equilibrium: Growth. Morphology and Defects, edited by Godriche, C. (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1991).Google Scholar
48. Family, F. and Vicsek, T., J. Phys. A: Math. Gen. 18, L75 (1985).Google Scholar
49. For examples, see Kardar, M., Parisi, G., and Zhang, Y.-C., Phys. Rev. Lett. 56, 889 (1986);Google Scholar
Edwards, S.F. and Wilkinson, D.R., Proc. R. Soc. Lond. A 381, 17 (1982);Google Scholar
Kim, J.M. and Kosterlitz, J.M., Phys. Rev. Lett. 62, 2289 (1989);Google Scholar
Lai, Z.W. and Sarma, S.D., Phys. Rev. Lett. 66, 2348 (1991).CrossRefGoogle Scholar