Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-v9fdk Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-09T20:50:16.042Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Tribology of Amorphous Alloys Formed with Ion Beams

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  28 February 2011

D. M. Follstaedt
Affiliation:
Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM 87185-5800
J. A. Knapp
Affiliation:
Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM 87185-5800
L. E. Pope
Affiliation:
Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM 87185-5800
Get access

Abstract

The changes in friction and wear properties (i.e., tribology) of steels due to thin surface alloys formed by ion beams are surveyed, and considered in light of their microstructures. Amorphous alloys containing both Ti and C are found to give superior performance in comparison to alloys with N, B, C, P or Ti. All the amorphous layers reduce friction, but the duration of benefits and wear resistance at high loads vary with composition. By examining similar amorphous alloys with Ti alone or C alone, the critical roles played by each in resisting wear are demonstrated. Amorphous alloys with Ti and C appear to be quite hard.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © Materials Research Society 1989

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

1. Clayton, C. R., in Surface Alloying by Ion, Electron and Laser Beams, eds. Rehn, L. E., Picraux, S. T. and Wiedersich, H. (ASM, Metals Park, Ohio, 1987), p. 325.Google Scholar
2. Hubler, G. K., in Surface Alloying by Ion, Electron and Laser Beams, eds. Rehn, L. E., Picraux, S. T. and Wiedersich, H. (ASM, Metals Park, Ohio, 1987), p. 287.Google Scholar
3. Pope, L. E., Yost, F. G., Follstaedt, D. M., Knapp, J. A. and Picraux, S. T., in Wear of Materials 1983, ed. Ludema, K. C. (ASME, New York, 1983) p. 280.Google Scholar
4. Hirvonen, J. K., Mat. Res. Soc. Symp. Proc. 27, 621 (1984).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
5. Sioshansi, P., Mat. Sci. Eng. 90, 373 (1987).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
6. Ng, L. and Naerheim, Y., 1987 Ball Bearing Technical Symposium, Orlando FL, 1987.Google Scholar
7. Liau, Z. L. and Mayer, J. W., J. Vac. Sci. Tech. 15, 1629 (1978).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
8. Follstaedt, D. M., Knapp, J. A. and Pope, L. E., submitted to Nucl. Inst. Meth. B.Google Scholar
9. Farkas, D., Singer, I. L. and Rangaswamy, M., Mat. Res. Soc. Symp. Proc. 27, 609 (1984).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
10. Picraux, S. T., Ann. Rev. Mat. Sci. 14, 335 (1984).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
11. Armini, A., in Industrial Heating, January 1986, p. 17.Google Scholar
12. Yost, F. G., Pope, L. E., Follstaedt, D. M., Knapp, J. A. and Picraux, S. T., Thin Solid Films 107, 287 (1983).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
13. Carosella, C.A., Singer, I.L., Bowers, R.C., and Gossett, C.R., in Ion Implantation Metallurgy, eds. Preece, C.M. and Hirvonen, J.K. (TMS-AIME, Warrendale, PA, 1980) p. 103.Google Scholar
14. Pope, L. E., Yost, F. G., Follstaedt, D. M., Picraux, S. T. and Knapp, J. A., Mat. Res. Soc. Symp. Proc. 27, 661 (1984).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
15. Kluge, A., Langguth, K., Ochsner, R., Kobs, K. and Ryssel, H., Proc. IBMM88, Tokyo, Japan, June 1988, to appear in Nuclear Instruments and Methods (preprint).Google Scholar
16. Doyle, B. L., Yost, F. G., Picraux, S. T., Follstaedt, D. M., Pope, L. E. and Knapp, J. A., Nucl. Inst. Meth. B7. 8, 38 (1985).Google Scholar
17. Vardiman, R. G. and Singer, I. L., Mat. Lett. 2, 150 (1983).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
18. Rauschenbach, B. and Kolitsch, A., Phys. Stat. Sol. (a) 80, 211 (1983).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
19. Hohmuth, K., Rauschenbach, B., Kolitsch, A. and Richter, E., Nucl. Inst. Meth. 209/210, 249 (1983).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
20. Singer, I. L., Carosella, C. A. and Reed, J. R., Nucl. Inst. Meth. 182/183, 923 (1981).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
21. Follstaedt, D. M., Yost, F. G., Pope, L. E., Picraux, S. T. and Knapp, J. A., Appl. Phys. Lett. 43, 358 (1983).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
22. Follstaedt, D. M., Yost, F. G. and Pope, L. E., Mat. Res. Soc. Symp. Proc. 27, 655 (1984).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
23. Follstaedt, D. M., Nucl. Inst. Meth. B10/11, 549 (1985).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
24. Follstaedt, D. M., Pope, L. E. and Knapp, J. A., to be published.Google Scholar
25. Kant, R.A., Sartwell, B.D., Singer, I.L. and Vardiman, R.G., Nucl. Inst. Meth. B7/8, 915 (1985).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
26. Pope, L. E., Follstaedt, D. M., Knapp, J. A. and Barbour, J. C., Mat. Res. Soc. Symp. Proc. 100, 175 (MRS, Pittsburgh, 1988).Google Scholar
27. Pope, L. E., Knapp, J. A. and Follstaedt, D. M., Thin Solid Films, to be published.Google Scholar
28. Fischer, T. E., Luton, M. J., Williams, J. M., White, C. W. and Appleton, B. R., ASLE Trans. 26, 466 (1983).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
29. Hubler, G.K., Trzaskoma, P., McCafferty, E. and Singer, I.L., in Ion Implantation into Metals, eds. Ashworth, V., Grant, W.A. and Proctor, R.P.M., (Pergamon, New York, 1982), p. 24.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
30. Knapp, J. A., Follstaedt, D. M. and Doyle, B. L., Nucl. Inst. Meth. B7/8, 38 (1985).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
31. Hirvonen, J-P., Nastasi, M. and Mayer, J. W., J. Appl. Phys. 60, 980 (1986).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
32. Follstaedt, D.M., Knapp, J.A., Pope, L.E. and Picraux, S.T., Nucl. Inst. Meth. B12, 359 (1985).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
33. Knapp, J. A., Follstaedt, D. M. and Picraux, S. T., in Ion Implantation Metallurgy, ed. Preece, C. M. and Hirvonen, J. K. (TMS-AIME, Warrendale, PA, 1980) p. 152.Google Scholar
34. Follstaedt, D. M., Knapp, J. A. and Picraux, S. T., Appl. Phys. Lett. 37, 330 (1980).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
35. Singer, I. L. and Barlak, T. M., Appl. Phys. Lett. 43, 457 (1983).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
36. Follstaedt, D. M., Knapp, J. A., Pope, L. E., Yost, F. G. and Picraux, S. T., Appl. Phys. Lett. 45, 529 (1984); erattum, 46, 207 (1985).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
37. Dillich, S. A. and Biederman, R. R., Mat. Sci. Eng. 90, 91 (1987).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
38. Dillich, S. A. and Singer, I. L., Thin Solid Films 27, 219 (1981).Google Scholar
39. Dillich, S. A., Bolster, R. N. and Singer, I. L., Mat. Res. Soc. Symp. Proc. 27, 637 (1984).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
40. Gately, N. V. H. and Dillich, S. A., Mat. Sci. Eng. 90, 333 (1987).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
41. Mullendore, A. W., Pope, L. E., Hays, A. K., Nelson, G. C., Hills, C. R. and LeFevre, B. G., submitted to Thin Solid Films.Google Scholar
42. Mayer, J. W., Tsaur, B. Y., Lau, S. S. and Hung, L-S., Nucl. Inst. Meth. 182/183, 1 (1981).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
43. Hirvonen, J-P., Nastasi, M. and Mayer, J. W., Appl. Phys. Lett. L1, 232 (1987).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
44. Hirvonen, J-P., Nastasi, M. and Mayer, J. W., Appl. Phys. Lett. 49, 1345 (1986).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
45. Hirvonen, J-P., Nastasi, M. and Mayer, J. W., Mat. Res. Soc. Symp. Proc. 93, 335 (1987).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
46. Hirvonen, J-P., Nastasi, M., Phillips, J.R. and Mayer, J.W., J. Vac. Sci. Tech. A4, 2997 (1986).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
47. Brimhall, J. L., Kissinger, H. E. and Charlot, L. A., Rad. Eff. 77, 237 (1983).Google Scholar
48. Follstaedt, D. M., Pope, L. E., Knapp, J. A., Picraux, S. T. and Yost, F. G., Thin Solid Films, 107, 259 (1983).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
49. Nastasi, M. and Hirvonen, J-P., unpublished results.Google Scholar
50. Moine, P., Popoola, O. and Villain, J. P., Scripta Met. 20, 305 (1986).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
51. Zheng, L. R., Hung, L. S. and Mayer, J. W., accepted by J. Appl. Phys.Google Scholar
52. Zheng, L. R., Hung, L. S. and Mayer, J. W., accepted by Mat. Lett.Google Scholar
53. Moine, P., Riviere, J.P., Junqua, N. and Delafond, J., Mat. Res. Soc. Symp. Proc. 7, 243 (1982).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
54. Follstaedt, D. M. and Knapp, J. A., Mat. Res. Soc. Symp. Proc. 51, 473 (1986).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
55. Follstaedt, D. M., Knapp, J. A. and Peercy, P. S., J. Non-Cryst. Sol. 61&62, 451 (1984).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
56. Nastasi, M., Hirvonen, J-P., Jervis, T.R., Pharr, G.M. and Oliver, W.C., J. Mat. Res. 3, 226 (1988).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
57. Pope, L. E., Picraux, S. T., Follstaedt, D. M., Knapp, J. A. and Yost, F. G., J. Mat. Energy Sys. 2, 27 (1985).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
58. Hirano, M. and Miyake, S., in Proceedings of the Japan Society of Lubrication Engineers International Tribologv Conference. Tokyo. 1985 (Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1985), p. 245.Google Scholar
59. Hirano, M. and Miyake, S., Tribology, J., Trans. ASME 107, 467 (1985).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
60. Hirano, M. and Miyake, S., Appl. Phys. Lett. 52, 1469 (1988).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
61. Ali, A., Grant, W. A. and Grundy, P. J., Phil. Mag. B37, 353 (1978).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
62. Singer, I. L. and Hafterson, K. J., Naval Research Laboratory Memorandum Report 5512, January 30, 1985, Washington, D.C.Google Scholar
63. Hirano, M. and Miyake, S., Intl. Conf. on Ion Beam Modification of Materials, June, 1988, Tokyo, Japan; to be published in Nuclear Instruments and Methods (preprint).Google Scholar
64. Oliver, W. C., Hutchings, R., Pethica, J. B., Singer, I. L. and Hubler, G. K., Mat. Res. Soc. Symp. Proc. 27, 603 (1984).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
65. Singer, I. L., Bolster, R. N. and Carosella, C. A., Thin Solid Films 23, 283 (1980).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
66. Bolster, R. N. and Singer, I. L., ASLE Trans. 24, 526 (1981).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
67. Inoue, A., Iwadachi, T., Minemura, T. and Matsumato, T., Trans. Jap. Inst. Met. 22, 197 (1981).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
68. Singer, I. L., Mat. Res. Soc. Symp. Proc. 27, 585 (1984).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
69. Matsumoto, T. and Maddin, R., Met. Sci. Engr. 19, 1 1975.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
70. Singer, I. L., Appl. Surf. Sci. 18, 28 (1984).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
71. Hubler, G. K., Singer, I. L. and Clayton, C. R., Mat. Sci. Eng. 69, 203 (1985).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
72. Sioshansi, P., 6th Intl. Conf. on Ion Beam Modification of Materials, 6/88, Tokyo, Japan.Google Scholar
73. Conrad, J. R., J. Appl. Phys. 62, 777 (1987); J. R. Conrad, J. L. Radtke, R. A. Dodd, F. J. Worzala and Ngoc C. Tran, J. Appl. Phys. 62, 4591 (1987).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
74. Barton, B., private communication. This paper also appears in Mat. Res. Soc. Symp. Proc. Vol 128Google Scholar