Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-m6dg7 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-07T20:04:00.521Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Relationships between Strength and Microstructure for Cement-Based Materials: an Overview

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  22 February 2011

Sidney Mindess*
Affiliation:
University of British Columbia, Department of Civil Engineering, 2324 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1W5, Canada
Get access

Abstract

The mechanical properties of cement-based materials must be controlled by the microstructure, pore geometry and chemical composition of the cement, by the properties of the aggregate, and by the nature of the cement-aggregate bond. While the precise form of the strength vs. microstructure relationship is as yet only imperfectly understood, enough is known to permit us to predict what alterations in the microstructure are required for the production of materials with very high strengths. There are also techniques available for reducing the brittleness that is often a characteristic of high-strength materials. The present paper presents an overview of the strength vs. microstructure relationships that can be used to predict the properties of high strength cement-based materials, and a brief review of some of the methods for achieving high strengths.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © Materials Research Society 1985

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

1. Skempton, A.W., Trans. Newcomen Society, XXXV, 117 (19621963).10.1179/tns.1962.008CrossRefGoogle Scholar
2. Shah, S.P. (ed.), High Strength Concrete, Proceedings of a Workshop Held at the University of Illinois at Chicago Circle, 1979.Google Scholar
3. Diamond, S., in Ref. 2, p. 36.Google Scholar
4. Idorn, G., in Proceedings of the Fifth International Symposium on the Chemistry of Cement (The Cement Association of Japan, Tokyo, 1968), Vol. III, p. 411.Google Scholar
5. Brunauer, S., Am. Sci., 50, 210 (1962).Google Scholar
6. Powers, T.C., in Proceedings of the Fourth International Symposium on the Chemistry of Cement (National Bureau of Standards, Washington, D.C., 1960), Vol. II, p. 577.Google Scholar
7. Feldman, R.F. and Sereda, P.J., Mat. et Constr. 1, 509 (1968).10.1007/BF02473639CrossRefGoogle Scholar
8. Feldman, R.F. and Sereda, P.J., Eng. J. (Canada) 53, 53 (1970).Google Scholar
9. Ramachandran, V.S., Feldman, R.F. and Beaudoin, J.J., Concrete Science (Heyden & Son Ltd., London, 1981).Google Scholar
10. Taylor, H.F.W., in Cement Production and Use (Publication No. 79–08, Engineering Foundation, New York, 1979), p. 107.Google Scholar
11. Young, J.F., in Bazant, Z.P. and Wittmann, F.H. (eds.), Creep and Shrinkage in Concrete Structures (John Wiley & Sons Ltd., 1982), p. 3.Google Scholar
12. Wittmann, F.H., in Creep and Shrinkage in Concrete Structures (John Wiley & Sons Ltd., 1982), p. 129.Google Scholar
13. Lucretius, , On the Nature of the Universe (tr. by Latham, R.), (Penguin Books, Harmondsworth, England, 1951), p. 43.Google Scholar
14. Feret, R., Bull. Soc. Encour. Ind. Natn., Paris, 1604 (1897).Google Scholar
15. Powers, T.C. and Brownyard, T.L., Bulletin 22, (Portland Cement Association, Skokie, Illinois, 1948).Google Scholar
16. Bal'shin, M. Yu., Doklady Aka. Nauk. S.S.S.R., 67, 831 (1949).Google Scholar
17. Ryshkewitch, E., J. Amer. Ceram. Soc., 36, 65 (1953).10.1111/j.1151-2916.1953.tb12837.xCrossRefGoogle Scholar
18. Schiller, K.K., Brit. J. Appl. Phys., 11, 338 (1960).10.1088/0508-3443/11/8/307Google Scholar
19. Mindess, S., J. Amer. Ceram. Soc., 53, 621 (1970).10.1111/j.1151-2916.1970.tb15986.xGoogle Scholar
20. Jambor, J., in Proceedings of the International Conference on Pore Structure and Properties of Materials (RILEM/IUPAC, Prague, Czechoslovakia, 1973), Vol. II, D75.Google Scholar
21. Zaitsev, Y., in 7th International Congress on the Chemistry of Cement (Paris, 1980), Vol. III, p. VI-176.Google Scholar
22. Sereda, P.J., Feldman, R.F. and Ramachandran, V.S., in 7th International Congress on the Chemistry of Cement (Paris, 1980), Vol. I, p. VI-l/3.Google Scholar
23. Beaudoin, J.J., Cem. Concr. Res., 12, 705 (1982).Google Scholar
24. Griffith, A.A., Phil. Trans. R. Soc., A221, 163 (1920).Google Scholar
25. Mindess, S., in Wittmann, F.H. (ed.), Frature Mechanics of Concrete (Elsevier Scientific Publications Company, Amsterdam, 1983), p. 1.Google Scholar
26. Birchall, J.D., Howard, A.J. and Kendall, K., Nature, 289, 388 (1981).10.1038/289388a0CrossRefGoogle Scholar
27. Birchall, J.D., Howard, A.J. and Kendall, K., Proc. Brit. Ceram. Soc., 32, 25 (1982).Google Scholar
28. Kendall, K., Howard, A.J. and Birchall, J.D., in Technology in the 1990s: Developments in Hydraulic Cements (The Royal Society, London, 1983), p. 139.Google Scholar
29. Beaudoin, J.J., Cem. Concr. Res., 13, 81 (1983).Google Scholar
30. Alford, N. McN., Cem. Concr. Res., 11, 605 (1981).10.1016/0008-8846(81)90090-9CrossRefGoogle Scholar
31. Alford, N. McN., Groves, G.W. and Double, D.D., Cem. Concr. Res., 12, 349 (1982).10.1016/0008-8846(82)90083-7Google Scholar
32. Mindess, S., in Wittmann, F.H. (ed.), Fracture Mechanics of Concrete (Elsevier Scientific Publishing Company, Amsterdam, 1983), p. 534.Google Scholar
33. Lawrence, F.V. Jr., Young, J.F. and Berger, R.L., Cem. Concr. Res., 7, 369 (1977).10.1016/0008-8846(77)90064-3Google Scholar
34. Jambor, J., in Hydraulic Cement Pastes: Their Structure and Properties (Cement and Concrete Association, Wexham Springs, 1976), p. 175.Google Scholar
35. Jambor, J., in Proceedings of the Sixth International Congress on the Chemistry of Cement (Moscow, 1974), preprint.Google Scholar
36. Hjorth, L., in Nordic Concrete Research Publications No. 1 (The Nordic Concrete Federation, Oslo, 1982), p. 901.Google Scholar
37. Feldman, R.F. and Beaudoin, J.J., Cem. Concr. Res., 6, 389 (1976).Google Scholar
38. Taylor, H.F.W., Cem. Concr. Res., 7, 465 (1977).10.1016/0008-8846(77)90077-1CrossRefGoogle Scholar
39. Crennan, J.M., El-Hemaly, S.A.S. and Taylor, H.F.W., Cem. Concr. Res., 7, 495 (1977).10.1016/0008-8846(77)90111-9Google Scholar
40. Woolf, D.O., in Significance of Tests and Properties of Concrete and Concrete-Making Materials (ASTM STP 169-A, American Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia, 1966), p. 462.Google Scholar
41. Meininger, R.C., in Significance of Tests and Properties of Concrete and Concrete-Making Materials (ASTM STP 169-B, American Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia, 1978), p. 657.10.1520/STP35638SGoogle Scholar
42. Wittmann, F.H., in Ref. 2, p. 8.Google Scholar
43. Fagerlund, G., in Proceedings of the International Symposium on Pore Structure and Properties of Materials (RILEM/IUPAC, Prague, 1973), p. D51.Google Scholar
44. Hsu, T.T.C., Slate, F.O., Sturman, G.M. and Winter, G., J. Amer. Concr. Inst., 60, 209 (1963).Google Scholar
45. Alexander, K.M., Wardlaw, J. and Gilbert, D.J., in Brooks, A.E. and Newman, K. (eds.), The Structure of Concrete (Cement and Concrete Association, London, 1968), p. 59.Google Scholar
46. Shah, S.P., in Ref. 2, p. 1.Google Scholar
47. Gerstle, K.H., in Ref. 2, p. 43.Google Scholar
48. Ahmad, S. and Shah, S.P., in Proceedings of the CSCE-ASCE-ACI-CEB International Symposium on Nonlinear Design of Concrete Structures (University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada, 1979).Google Scholar
49. Naaman, A.E., in Ref. 2, p. 194.Google Scholar
50. Coleman, S.E., Maage, M. and Diamond, S., Final Report, Joint Highway Research Project FWHA/IN/JHRP-82/2 (Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, 1982), p. 281.Google Scholar
51. Tognon, G., Ursella, P. and Coppetti, G., J. Amer. Concr. Inst., 77, 171 (1980).Google Scholar
52. Wang, P.T., Shah, S.P. and Naaman, A.E., J. Struct. Div., ASCE, 104, 1761 (1978).Google Scholar
53. Mindess, S., The Relationship Between the Strength and Microstructure of Autoclaved Calcium Silicate Materials(Ph.D. Thesis, Stanford University, Stanford, California, 1970).10.1111/j.1151-2916.1970.tb15986.xGoogle Scholar
54. Yudenfreund, M., Odler, I. and Brunauer, S., Cem. Concr. Res., 2, 313 (1972).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
55. Yudenfreund, M., Skalny, J., Mikhail, R. Sh. and Brunauer, S., Cem. Concr. Res., 2, 331 (1972).10.1016/0008-8846(72)90074-9Google Scholar
56. Yudenfreund, M., Hanna, K.M., Skalny, J., Odler, I. and Brunauer, S., Cem. Concr. Res., 2, 731 (1972).10.1016/0008-8846(72)90008-7Google Scholar
57. Roy, D.M., Gouda, G.R. and Bobrowsky, A., Cem. Concr. Res., 2, 349 (1972).10.1016/0008-8846(72)90075-0CrossRefGoogle Scholar
58. Roy, D.M. and Gouda, G.R., J. Amer. Ceram. Soc., 56, 549 (1973).10.1111/j.1151-2916.1973.tb12410.xCrossRefGoogle Scholar
59. Roy, D.M. and Gouda, G.R., in Proceedings of the Sixth International Congress on the Chemistry of Cement (Moscow, 1974), preprint paper No. 92.Google Scholar
60. Verbeck, G.J. and Helmuth, R.A., in Proceedings of the Fifth International Symposium on the Chemistry of Cement (The Cement Association of Japan, Tokyo, 1968), Vol. III, p. 1.Google Scholar
61. Manning, D. and Hope, B., Cem. Concr. Res., 1, 631 (1971).10.1016/0008-8846(71)90018-4Google Scholar
62. Fukuchi, T. and Ohama, Y., in Polymers in Concrete (SP-58, American Concrete Institute, Detroit, Michigan, 1978), p. 215.Google Scholar
63. Mindess, S., in Wittmann, F.H. (ed.), Fracture Mechanics of Concrete (Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1983), p. 481.Google Scholar
64. Thaulow, N., Cem. Concr. Res., 4, 269 (1974).10.1016/0008-8846(74)90138-0Google Scholar
65. Hjorth, L., in Technology in the 1990s: Developments in Hydraulic Cements (The Royal Society, London, 1983), p. 167.Google Scholar
66. Hannant, D.J., Hughes, D.C. and Kelly, A., in Technolgy in the 1990s: Developments in Hydraulic Cements (The Royal Society, London, 1983), p. 175.Google Scholar
67. Majumdar, A.J. and Laws, V., in Technology in the 1990s: Developments in Hydraulic Cements (The Royal Society, London, 1983), p. 191.Google Scholar
68. Gray, R.J., J. Mater. Sci., 19, 861 (1984).10.1007/BF00540456Google Scholar
69. Gray, R.J., J. Mater. Sci., 19, 1680 (1984).10.1007/BF00563066Google Scholar