Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-dlnhk Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-25T18:42:52.542Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Design and Synthesis of Metals (Tungsten) with Structural Hierarchy for Very High Temperatures

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  21 February 2011

G. Welsch
G. Welsch*
Affiliation:
Department of Materials Science and Engineering, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA
Get access

Abstract

The strength of metals is limited by the weakest link in their microstructures. At high temperature, the weakest link is usually a grain boundary. Mobile dislocations represent another type of weak link. The strength-limitation by this two-level hierarchy of crystal defects can be minimized through microstructure design. Although the strengthening mechanisms differ for grain boundaries and dislocations, it is possible to design microstructural architectures that strengthen both. The design must take the stress state into consideration that the component will encounter during its later use. Processing strategies can then be devised for the synthesis of such components. It is imperative to stabilize the designed microstructure at high temperature because this will determine how well and how long the material will be able to perform. Design, synthesis and stabilization are discussed in the present paper. The lamp filament wire technology is the basis for a new method that enables the synthesis and stabilization of artificial microstructures in high-temperature materials.

Type
Research Article
Information
MRS Online Proceedings Library (OPL) , Volume 255: Symposium Z – Hierarchically Structured Materials , 1991 , 217
Copyright
Copyright © Materials Research Society 1992

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

(1) Coolidge, W.D., U.S. Patent No. 1,082,933 (1913).Google Scholar
(2) Pacz, A., U.S. Patent No. 1, 410, 499, filed in (1917), granted (1922).Google Scholar
(3) Welsch, G., U.S. Patent No. 4, 915, 746 (1990).Google Scholar
(4) Alpas, A.T., Embury, J.D., Hardwick, D.A., and Springer, R.W., Journal of Materials Science, 25, 1603 (1990).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(5) Ashby, M.F., Ghandi, C. and Taplin, D.M.R., Acta Metallurgica 27, 699 (1979).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(6) Ford, I.J., Acta Metallurgica et Materialia 40, 113 (1992).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(7) Wright, P.K., Metallurgical Transactions, 9A, 955 (1978).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(8) Pugh, J.W., Metallurgical Transactions 4, 533 (1973).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(9) Horaczek, O., Zeitschrift Metallkunde 65, 318 (1974).Google Scholar
(10) Briant, C.L. and Walter, J.L., Acta Metallurgica, 36, 2503 (1988).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(11) Pink, E. and Bartha, L. (eds), The Metallurgy of Doped Non-Sag Tungsten (Elsevier Applied Science, London and New York, 1989).Google Scholar
(12) Greenwood, J.N., Miller, R.D. and Suiter, J.W., Acta Metall., 2, 250 (1954).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(13) Gifkins, R.D., Acta Metallurgica, 4, 98 (1956).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(14) Chen, C.W. and Machlin, E.S., Acta Metallurgica, 4, 655 (1956).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(15) Balluffi, R.W. and Seigle, L.L., Acta Metallurgica, 5, 449 (1957).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(16) Ghandi, C. and Ashby, M.F., Acta Metallurgica, 27, 1565 (1979).Google Scholar
(17) Frost, H.J., Thompson, C.V. and Walton, D.T., Acta Metallurgica, 1455 38 (1990).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(18) Welsch, G., unpublished (1989).Google Scholar
(19) Raj, R. and King, G.W., Metallurgical Transactions, 9A, 941 (1978).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(20) Pink, E. and Gaal, I., in The Metallurgy of Doped Non-Sag Tungsten, edited by Pink, E. and Bartha, L. (Elsevier Applied Science, London & New York 1989), p. 209.Google Scholar
(21) Welsch, G. and Walter, J.L., in Encyclopedia of Materials Science and Engineering, Suppl. Vol.2, edited by Cahn, R.W. (Pergamon Press 1990) pp. 1007–1012.Google Scholar
(22) Snow, D.B., Metallurgical Transactions A, 7A, 783 (1976).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(23) Schade, P., in Proc. of 10th Plansee Seminar, Ortner, H.M (ed.), Metallwerk Plansee, Austria (1981) 1, 301.Google Scholar
(24) Moon, D.M. and Koo, R.C., Metallurgical Transactions, 2, 2115 (1971).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(25) Sell, H.G., Stein, D.F., Stickler, R., Joshi, A. and Berkey, E., J. Inst. of Metals, 100, 275 (1972).Google Scholar
(26) Warlimont, H., Necker, G. and Schultz, H., Zeitschrift Metallkunde, 66, 279 (1975).Google Scholar
(27) Zener, C., cited by Smith, C.S., Transactions of AIME, 175, 15 (1949).Google Scholar
(28) Ashby, M.F. and Lewis, J., in Surfaces and Interfaces II - Physical and Mechanical Properties, edited by Burke, J.J., Reed, N.L. and Weiss, V. (Syracuse Univ. Press, New York 1967) p. 395.Google Scholar
(29) Warlimont, H., Necker, G. and Schultz, H., Z. Metallkunde, 66, 279 (1975).Google Scholar
(30) Kim, K.T. and Welsch, G., Materials Letters, 9, 295 (1990).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(31) Kim, K.T. and Welsch, G., Materials Letters 12, 229 (1991).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(32) Porter, D.A. and Easterling, K.E., Phase Transformations in Metals and Alloys (van Nostrand Reinhold, UK, 1987) p. 47.Google Scholar
(33) Wagner, C., Z. Elektrochemie 65, 581 (1961).Google Scholar
(34) Lifshitz, I.M. and Slyozov, V.V., J. Phys. Chem. Solids 19 35 (1961).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(35) Doherty, R.D., in Physical Metallurgy 3rd. ed., edited by Cahn, R.W. and Haasen, P. (North-Holland Physics Publishing, Amsterdam, 1983), pp. 987–990.Google Scholar
(36) Gleiter, H., in Physical Metallurgy, 3rd ed., Cahn, R.W. and Haasen, P. editors (North-Holland Physics Publishing, Amsterdam, 1983) pp. 684–690.Google Scholar
(37) Miedema, A.R., Philips Technical Review 36, 217 (1976).Google Scholar
(38) Miedema, A.R. and Niessen, A.K., Cohesion in Metals (North-Holland Publ. Co., Amsterdam, 1992, chap. 3).Google Scholar
(39) Kim, K.T., Wang, J.J. and Welsch, G., Materials Letters, 12 43 (1991).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(40) Wilcox, B.A. and Clauer, A.H., Acta Metall., 743 (1972).Google Scholar
(41) McLean, D., (1976), cited by J.L. Strudel in Physical Metallurgy, 3rd. ed., edited by Cahn, R.W. and Haasen, P., (North-Holland Physics Publ. 1983), p. 1476.Google Scholar