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Anomalous Diffusion in Active Intracellular Transport

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  21 March 2011

Avi Caspi ,
Rony Granek  and
Michael Elbaum
Avi Caspi
Affiliation:
Department of Materials and Interfaces Weizmann Institute of Science Rehovot 76100, Israel
Rony Granek
Affiliation:
Department of Materials and Interfaces Weizmann Institute of Science Rehovot 76100, Israel
Michael Elbaum
Affiliation:
Department of Materials and Interfaces Weizmann Institute of Science Rehovot 76100, Israel
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Abstract

The dynamic movements of tracer particles have been used to characterize their local environment in dilute networks of microtubules, and within living cells. In the former case, 300 nm diameter beads are fixed to individual microtubules, so that the movements of the bead reveal undulatory modes of the polymer. The mean square displacement shows a scaling of t3/4 in keeping with mode analysis arguments. Inside a cell, beads show a more complicated behavior that reflects internal dynamics of the cytoskeleton and associated motors.

When placed near the cell edge, 3 micron diameter beads coated by proteins that mediate membrane adhesion are engulfed underneath the membrane and drawn toward the center by a contracting flow of actin. On reaching the region surrounding the nucleus, the beads continue to move but lose directionality, so that they wander within a restricted space. Measurement of the mean square displacement now shows a scaling of t1 up to times of ~1 sec. At longer times the scaling varies between t and t1/2 in the various runs. The data do not fit a crossover between ballistic (t2)and diffusive (t1) behavior. The movement is clearly driven by non-thermal interactions, as it cannot be stopped by an optical trap. Treatment of the cell to depolymerize microtubules restores ordinary diffusion, while actin depolymerization has no effect, indicating that microtubule-based motor proteins are responsible for the motion. Immunofluorescence microscopy shows that the mesh size of the microtubules is smaller than the bead diameter.

We propose that the observations are related, and that the non-trivial scaling in the polymer system leads to time-dependent friction in a network, which in turn leads to a generalized Einstein relation operative in the intracellular environment. This results, in the driven system, in sub-ballistic motion at short times and sub-diffusive motion at longer times.

Type
Research Article
Information
MRS Online Proceedings Library (OPL) , Volume 651: Symposium T – Dynamics in Small Confining Systems V , 2000 , T1.2.1
Copyright
Copyright © Materials Research Society 2001

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