Hostname: page-component-6bf8c574d5-b4m5d Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2025-02-19T23:02:23.892Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Strategies for Dispersing Nanoparticles in Polymers

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  31 January 2011

Ramanan Krishnamoorti
Get access

Abstract

Controlling the dispersion of nanoparticles in polymeric matrices is the most significant impediment in the development of high-perform ance polymer nanocomposite ma te rials and results primarily from the strong interpar ticle interactions between the nanopar ticles. This review examines the theoretical and experimental strategies employed in developing appropriate chemical and physical methods to achieve controlled dispersion of nanopar ticles. Methods to characterize the state of dispersion, including force and electron micros copy, and scattering, electrical, and mechanical spectroscopy, are considered with special emphasis on achieving quantitative meas ures of the dispersion. Some of the outstanding issues, such as long-term aging and the implication for the dispersion of nanopar ticles, development of high-throughput methods for rapid screening, and methods for in-line monitoring, are also discussed.

Type
Research Article
Information
MRS Bulletin , Volume 32 , Issue 4: Polymer Nanocomposites , April 2007 , pp. 341 - 347
Copyright
Copyright © Materials Research Society 2007

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

1.Israelachvili, J.N., Intermolecular Surface Forces (Academic Press, San Diego, ed. 3, 2006).Google Scholar
2.Britz, D.A., Khlobystov, A.N., Chem. Soc. Rev. 35, 637 (2006).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
3.Girifalco, L.A., Hodak, M., Lee, R.S., Phys. Rev. B 62, 13104 (2000).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
4.Bahr, J.L., Mickelson, E.T., Bronikowski, M.J., Smalley, R.E., Tour, J.M., Chem. Commun., 193 (2001).Google Scholar
5.Heinz, H., Vaia, R.A., Farmer, B.L., J. Chem. Phys. 124, 224713 (2006).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
6.Onsager, L., Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 51, 627 (1949).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
7.Vaia, R.A., Giannelis, E.P., Macromol. 30, 7990 (1997).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
8.van Oss, C.J., Chaudhury, M.K., Good, R.J., Chem. Rev. 88, 927 (1988)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
9.Mackay, M.E. et al., Science 311, 1740 (2006).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
10.Hooper, J.B., Schweizer, K.S., Macromol. 39, 5133 (2006).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
11.Ginzburg, V.V., Balazs, A.C., Adv. Mater. 12, 1805 (2000).3.0.CO;2-Z>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
12.Balazs, A.C., Singh, C., Zhulina, E., Macromol. 31, 8370 (1998).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
13.Starr, F.W., Douglas, J.F., Glotzer, S.C., J. Chem. Phys. 119, 1777 (2003).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
14.Anderson, K.L., Sinsawat, A., Vaia, R.A., Farmer, B.L., J. Polym. Sci. Part B: Polym. Phys. 43, 1014 (2005); A. Sinsawat, K.L. Anderson, R.A. Vaia, B.L. Farmer, J. Polym. Sci. Part B: Polym. Phys. 41, 3272 (2003).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
15.Adhikari, N.P. et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 93 188301 (2004).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
16.Zhi, C. et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 127, 15996 (2005).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
17.Star, A., Steuerman, D.W., Heath, J.R., Stoddart, J.F., Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 41, 2508 (2002).3.0.CO;2-A>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
18.Zhi, C. et al., J. Phys. Chem. B 110, 1525 (2006).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
19.Yurekli, K., Mitchell, C.A., Krishnamoorti, R., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 126, 9902 (2004).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
20.Hirsch, A., Vostrowsky, O., Funct. Mol. Struct. 245, 193 (2005).Google Scholar
21.Bahr, J.L., Tour, J.M., Chem. Mater. 13, 3823 (2001); C.A. Dyke, J.M. Tour, J. Phys. Chem. A 108, 11151 (2004).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
22.Mitchell, C.A. et al., Macromol. 35, 8825 (2002).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
23.Ying, Y.M. et al., Org. Lett. 5, 1471 (2003).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
24.Khabashesku, V.N., Billups, W.E., Margrave, J.L., Acc. Chem. Res. 35, 1087 (2002).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
25.Usuki, A. et al., J. Mater. Res. 8, 1179 (1993).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
26.Pyun, J., Matyjaszewski, K., Chem. Mater. 13, 3436 (2001).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
27.Wang, Z.M., Nakajima, H., Manias, E., Chung, T.C., Macromol. 36, 8919 (2003); L. Xu et al., Nanotechnology 16, S514 (2005).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
28.Fornes, T.D., Yoon, P.J., Keskkula, H., Paul, D.R., Polym. 42, 9929 (2001).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
29.Zhao, J., Morgan, A.B., Harris, J.D., Polym. 46, 8641 (2005).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
30.Park, C. et al., Chem. Phys. Lett. 364, 303 (2002).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
31.Koerner, H., Misra, D., Tan, A., Drummy, L., Mirau, P., Vaia, R., Polymer 47, 3426 (2006).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
32.Khait, K., Torkelson, J.M., Polym. Plast. Technol. Eng. 38, 445 (1999).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
33.Torkelson, J.M., Lebovitz, A., Kasimatis, K., Khait, K., “Method of producing exfoliated polymer-clay nanocomposite and polymer-clay nanocomposite produced therefrom,” U.S. Patent Application No. 20060178465 (August 10, 2006).Google Scholar
34.Pierard, N. et al., Carbon 42, 1691 (2004).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
35.Bandi, S., Bell, M., Schiraldi, D.A., Macromol. 38, 9216 (2005).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
36.Capadona, L.A., Meador, M.A.B., Alunni, A., Fabrizio, E.F., Vassilaras, P., Leventis, N., Polymer 47, 5754 (2006); P. Innocenzi, G. Brusatin, Chem. Mater. 13, 3126 (2001).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
37.Morgan, A.B., Gilman, J.W., J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 87, 1329 (2003); T.D. Fornes et al., Polym. 43, 5915 (2002); H.R. Dennis et al., Polym. 42, 9513 (2001).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
38.Vermogen, A. et al., Macromol. 38, 9661 (2005).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
39.Usuki, A., Hasegawa, N., Kadoura, H., Okamoto, T., Nano Lett. 1, 271 (2001); E. Kumacheva, O.K.L. Lilge, Adv. Mater. 11, 231 (1999).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
40.Drummy, L.F. et al., J. Phys. Chem. B 109, 17868 (2005); J. Ryszkowska, in Adv. Mater. Forum III, Pts. 1–2, 514–516, 1658 (2006); Z.L. Wang, Adv. Mater. 15, 1497 (2003).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
41.Schaefer, D.W., Agamalian, M.M., Curr. Opin. Solid State Mater. Sci. 8, 39 (2004); B.J. Olivier et al., Macromol. 29, 8615 (1996).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
42.Gelfer, M. et al., Langmuir 20, 3746 (2004); A. Bafna, G. Beaucage, F. Mirabella, S. Mehta, Polymer 44, 1103 (2003).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
43.Ramsay, J.D.F., Lindner, P., J. Chem. Soc. Faraday Trans. 89, 4207 (1993); J.D.F. Ramsay, S.W. Swanton, J. Bunce, J. Chem. Soc. Faraday Trans. 86, 3919 (1990).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
44.Ho, D.L., Briber, R.M., Glinka, C.J., Chem. Mater. 13, 1923 (2001).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
45.Vaia, R.A., Liu, W.D., Koerner, H., J. Polym. Sci. Part B: Polym. Phys. 41 3214 (2003).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
46.Schaefer, D.W. et al., Chem. Phys. Lett. 375, 369 (2003).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
47.Moniruzzaman, M., Winey, K.I., Macromol. 39, 5194 (2006).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
48.Zhou, W. et al., Chem. Phys. Lett. 384, 185 (2004).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
49.Maupin, P.H., Gilman, J.W., Harris, R.H., Bellayer, S., Bur, A.J., Roth, S.C., Murariu, M., Morgan, A.B., Harris, J.D., Macromol. Rapid Commun. 25, 788 (2004).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
50.Graff, R.A. et al., Adv. Mater. 17, 980 (2005).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
51.Park, C. et al., J. Polym. Sci. Part B: Polym. Phys. 44 1751 (2006).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
52.Surve, M., Pryamitsyn, V., Ganesan, V., Langmuir 22, 969 (2006).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
53.Krishnamoorti, R., Yurekli, K., Curr. Opin. Colloid Interface Sci. 6, 464 (2001).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
54.Chatterjee, T., Yurekli, K., Hadjiev, V.G., Krishnamoorti, R., Adv. Funct. Mater. 15, 1832 (2005).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
55.Ren, J., Silva, A.S., Krishnamoorti, R., Macromolecules 33, 3739 (2000).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
56.Garboczi, E.J., Snyder, K.A., Douglas, J.F., Thorpe, M.F., Phys. Rev. E 52, 819 (1995).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
57.Salaniwal, S., Kumar, S.K., Douglas, J.F., Phys. Rev. Lett. 89, 258301 (2002); G. Schmidt et al., Macromolecules 33, 7219 (2000); C.A. Mitchell, R. Krishnamoorti, Macromole cules 40, 1538 (2007).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
58.Ren, J.X., Casanueva, B.F., Mitchell, C.A., Krishnamoorti, R., Macromolecules 36, 4188 (2003); V. Goel et al., J. Polym. Sci. Part B: Polym. Phys. 44, 2014 (2006).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
59.Tsyboulski, D.A., Bachilo, S.M., Weisman, R.B., Nano Lett. 5, 975 (2005).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
60.Vaia, R.A., Giannelis, E.P., Macromolecules 30, 8000 (1997).CrossRefGoogle Scholar