Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-gb8f7 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-22T20:37:33.225Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Process Monitoring of Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Composites

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  31 January 2011

B. Degamber  and
G. F. Fernando
Get access

Abstract

This article presents a review of optical-fiber-based process-monitoring techniques that can be used to track the chemical reactions that take place during the processing of materials, with specific reference to thermosetting resins. The techniques covered include quantitative process-monitoring methods based on near and mid-infrared, Raman, UV–visible, evanescent wave, and fluorescence spectroscopy. The basis for refractive-index-based process monitoring using optical fibers is also presented. The techniques described here can be readily applied to other classes of materials and other areas of interest such as aging and degradation. Recent advances in noncontact process monitoring are also presented.

Keywords

advanced fiber-reinforced compositesoptical-fiber sensorsinfrared spectroscopypolymers.
Type
Research Article
Information
MRS Bulletin , Volume 27 , Issue 5: Optical-Fiber Sensors , May 2002 , pp. 370 - 380
Copyright
Copyright © Materials Research Society 2002

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

1.Engineering Materials Handbook, Vol. 1: Composites, edited by T.J. Reinhart (ASM International, Materials Park, OH, 1987.Google Scholar
2.Switalki, S.C., Colin, T., Redden, N., Stahlecker, E., and Parthasarathy, V., in Proc. SPIE, Vol. 3538 (SPIE—The International Society for Optical Engineering, Bellingham, WA, 1999) p. 158.Google Scholar
3.Lachenal, G., Analusis 26 (4) (1998) p. M20.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
4.Dannenberg, H., Forbes, J.W., and Jones, A.C., Anal. Chem. 32 (3) (1960) p. 365.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
5.Storm, S.L., “Absolute Specular Reflectance Measurements at Fixed Angles,” Application Note 4 (Labsphere, North Sutton, N.H., 1998).Google Scholar
6.Degueldre, C., O'Prey, S., and Francioni, W., Corros. Sci. 38 (10) (1996) p. 1763.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
7.Lohman, F.H. and Norteman, W.E., Anal. Chem. 35 (6) (1963) p. 707.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
8.Davies, A.M.C. and Giangiacomo, R., eds., Near Infrared Spectroscopy (NIR Publications, Chichester, UK, 2000).Google Scholar
9.Yamamoto, K. and Ishida, H., Vib. Spectrosc. 15 (1997) p. 27.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
10.Degueldre, C., Fuks, L., and Schenker, E., Meas. Sci. Technol. 9 (1998) p. 809.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
11.Blazquez, C.H., Nigg, H.N., Hedley, L.E., Ramos, L.E., and Simpson, S.E., Hort Technol. 6 (1) (1996) p. 73.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
12.Harrick, N.J., Internal Reflection Spectroscopy (John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1967).Google Scholar
13.Banwell, C.N., Fundamentals of Molecular Spectroscopy (McGraw-Hill, New York, 1972).Google Scholar
14.Grattan, K.T.V. and Zhang, Z.Y., Fiber Optic Fluorescence Thermometry (Chapman & Hall, New York, 1995).Google Scholar
15.Culshaw, B. and Dakin, J., eds., Optical Fiber Sensors: Systems and Applications, Vol. 2 (Artech House, Norwood, MA, 1989).Google Scholar
16.Crosby, P.A. and Fernando, G.F., in Optical Fiber Sensor Technology, Vol. 3, edited by Grattan, K.T.V. and Meggitt, B.T. (Kluwer Academic Publishers, New York, 1999) p. 57.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
17.Archibald, D., Lin, L.T., and Honigs, D.E., Appl. Spectrosc. 42 (1988) p. 468.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
18.Archibald, D., Miller, C.E., Lin, L.T., and Honigs, D.E., Appl. Spectrosc. 42 (1988) p. 1549.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
19.Crosby, P.A., Powell, G.R., Fernando, G.F., France, C.M., Waters, D.N., and Spooncer, R.C., “Cure Monitoring of Epoxy Resins Using Optical Fiber Sensors,” presented at Sensors and Their Applications VII, Institute of Physics, Dublin, September 10–13, 1995.Google Scholar
20.George, G.A., Cole-Clarke, P., John, N.St., and Friend, G., J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 42 (1991) p. 643.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
21.Mijovic, J., Andjelic, S., and Kenny, J.M., Polym. Adv. Technol. 7 (1995) p. 1.3.0.CO;2-N>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
22.Rogers, D.G., Marand, E., Hill, D.J.T., and George, G.A., High Perform. Polym. 11 (1999) p. 27.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
23.May, R.G., Sanderson, J.M., and Claus, R.O., in Proc. SPIE, Vol. 2194 (SPIE—The International Society for Optical Engineering, Belling-ham, WA, 1994) p. 46.Google Scholar
24.Liu, T., Fernando, G.F., Zhang, Z., and Grattan, K.T.V., Sens. Actuators, A: Phys. 80 (3) (2000) p. 208.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
25.Crosby, P.A., Doyle, C., Tuck, C., Singh, M., and Fernando, G.F., in Proc. SPIE, Vol. 3670 (SPIE—The International Society for Optical Engineering, Bellingham, WA, 1999) p. 144.Google Scholar
26.Lysaght, M.J., Van Zee, J.A., and Callis, J.B., Rev. Sci. Instrum. 62 (2) (1991) p. 507.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
27.Liu, T., Elsby, S., and Fernando, G.F., in Proc. SPIE, Vol. 3670 (SPIE—The International Society for Optical Engineering, Bellingham, WA, 1999) p. 134.Google Scholar
28.Crosby, P.A., Powell, G.R., Liu, T., Wu, M., and Fernando, G.F., in Proc. SPIE, Vol. 2895 (SPIE—The International Society for Optical Engineering, Bellingham, WA, 1996) p. 109.Google Scholar
29.Liu, Y.M., Ganesh, C., Steele, J.P.H., and Jones, J.E., J. Compos. Mater. 31 (1) (1997) p. 87.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
30.Cusano, A., Breglio, G., Giordano, M., Calabro, A., Cutolo, A., and Nicolais, L., Sens. Actuators, A 84 (2000) p. 270.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
31.Bur, A.J. and Thomas, C.L., J. Reinf. Plast. Compos. 17 (15) (1998) p. 1382.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
32.Radhakrishnan, P., Nampoori, V.P.N., and Vallabhan, C.P.G., Opt. Eng. 32 (4) (1993) p. 692.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
33.Cossins, S.L., Connell, M.E., Cross, W.M., Winter, R.M., and Kellar, J.J., in Proc. SPIE, Vol. 2836 (SPIE—The International Society for Optical Engineering, Bellingham, WA, 1996) p. 147.Google Scholar
34.Schnitzer, I. and Katzir, A., J. Appl. Phys. 66 (11) (1989) p. 5667.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
35.Lennie, A.R. and Kvasnik, F., Anal. Chim. Acta 281 (1993) p. 265.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
36.Jose, D., John, M.S., Radhakrishnan, P., Nampoori, V.P.N., and Vallabhan, C.P.G., Thin Solid Films 325 (1998) p. 264.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
37.Steiner, G. and Renschen, C.P., in Proc. SPIE, Vol. 1796 (SPIE—The International Society for Optical Engineering, Bellingham, WA, 1992) p. 27.Google Scholar
38.Nath, N. and Anand, S., Opt. Eng. 37 (1) (1998) p. 220.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
39.Heise, H.M., Voigt, G., Lampen, P., Kuper, L., Rudloff, S., and Werner, G., Appl. Spectrosc. 55 (4) (2001) p. 434.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
40.Colin, T.B., Yang, K.H., and Arnold, M.A., Appl. Spectrosc. 46 (7) (1992) p. 1129.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
41.Ge, Z., Brown, C.W., Sun, L., and Yang, S.C., Anal. Chem. 65 (1993) p. 2335.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
42.Bunimovich, D., Belotserkovsky, E., and Katzir, A., Rev. Sci. Instrum. 66 (4) (1995) p. 2818.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
43.Tapanes, E.E., Goode, J.R., Rossiter, P.L., and Hill, A.J., Mater. Sci. Forum 189–190 (1995) p. 205.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
44.Glass, T.R., Lackie, S., and Hirschfeld, T., Appl. Opt. 26 (11) (1987) p. 2181.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
45.Mignani, A.G., Falciai, R., and Ciaccheri, L., Appl. Spectrosc. 52 (4) (1998) p. 546.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
46.Conzen, J.P., Burck, J., and Ache, H.J., Appl. Spectrosc. 47 (6) (1993) p. 753.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
47.Klunder, G.L., Burck, J., Ache, H.J., Silva, R.J., and Russo, R.E., Appl. Spectrosc. 48 (3) (1994) p. 387.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
48.Merschman, S.A. and Tilotta, D.C., Appl. Spectrosc. 52 (1) (1998) p. 106.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
49.Blair, D.S., Anal. Chem. 69 (13) (1997) p. 2238.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
50.Blyler, L.L., Lieberman, R.A., Cohen, L.G., Ferrara, J.A., and MacChesney, J.B., Polym. Eng. Sci. 29 (17) (1989) p. 1215.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
51.Blair, D.S., Burgess, L.W., and Brodsky, A.M., Appl. Spectrosc. 49 (11) (1995) p. 1636.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
52.Blair, D.S. and Bando, J., Environ. Sci. Technol. 32 (1998) p. 294.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
53.Neff, R.A., Woerdeman, D.L., and Parnas, R.S., Polym. Compos. 18 (4) (1997) p. 518.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
54.Woerdeman, D.L., Flynn, K.M., Dunkers, J.D., and Parnas, R.S., J. Reinf. Plast. Comp. 15 (9) (1996) p. 922.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
55.Sanghera, J.S., Kung, F.H., Puzera, P.C., Nguyen, V.Q., Miklos, R.E., and Aggarwal, I.D., Appl. Opt. 33 (27) (1994) p. 6315.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
56.Jaffe, I.F., Bornstein, A., and Katz, M., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 113 (1991) p. 7042.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
57.Druy, M.A., Glatkowski, P.J., and Stevenson, W.A., in Proc. SPIE, Vol. 1587 (SPIE—The International Society for Optical Engineering, Bellingham, WA, 1991) p. 199.Google Scholar
58.Jonas, R.E. and Braiman, M.S., Appl. Spectrosc. 47 (11) (1993) p. 1751.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
59.Potyrailo, R.A., Hoobbs, S.E., and Hieftje, G.M., Anal. Chem. 70 (8) (1998) p. 1639.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
60.Johnson, F.J., Connell, M.E., Duke, E.F., Cross, W.M., and Kellar, J.J., Appl. Spectrosc. 52 (8) (1998) p. 1126.Google Scholar
61.Crosby, P.A., Powell, G.R., Fernando, G.F., Spooncer, R.C., France, C.M., and Waters, D.N., in Proc. SPIE, Vol. 2718 (SPIE—The International Society for Optical Engineering, Bellingham, WA, 1996) p. 80.Google Scholar
62.Dunkers, J.P., Flynn, K.M., Huang, M.T., and McDonough, W.G., Appl. Spectrosc. 52 (4) (1998) p. 552.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
63.Young, P.R., Druy, M.A., Stevenson, W.A., and Compton, D.A.C., SAMPE J. 25 (2) (1989) p. 11.Google Scholar
64.Compton, D.A.C., Hill, S.L., Wright, N.A., and Druy, M.A., Appl. Spectrosc. 42 (1988) p. 972.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
65.Druy, M.A. and Elandjian, L., in Proc. SPIE, Vol. 986 (SPIE—The International Society for Optical Engineering, Bellingham, WA, 1988) p. 130.Google Scholar
66.Bunimovich, D., Kellner, R., Krska, R., and Mesica, A., J. Mol. Struct. 292 (1993) p. 125.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
67.Druy, M.A. and Glatkowski, P.J., in Proc. SPIE, Vol. 42 (SPIE—The International Society for Optical Engineering, Bellingham, WA, 1992) p. 805.Google Scholar
68.Druy, M.A., Glatkowski, P.J., and Stevenson, W.A., in Proc. SPIE, Vol. 1591 (SPIE—The International Society for Optical Engineering, Bellingham, WA, 1991) p. 218.Google Scholar
69.Lyon, R.E., Chike, K.E., and Angel, S.M., J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 53 (1994) p. 1805.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
70.Stellman, C.M., Aust, J.F., and Myrick, M.L., Appl. Spectrosc. 49 (3) (1995) p. 392.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
71.Hong, K.C., Vess, T.M., Lyon, R.E., Chike, K.E., Aust, J.F., and Myrick, M.L., “Remote Cure Monitoring of Polymeric Resins by Laser Raman Spectroscopy,” Proc. 38th International SAMPE Symposium (SAMPE, Covina, CA, 1993) p. 427.Google Scholar
72.Aust, J.F., Booksh, K.S., and Myrick, M.L., Appl. Spectrosc. 50 (3) (1996) p. 382.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
73.Aust, J.F., Booksh, K.S., Stellman, C.M., Parnas, R.S., and Myrick, M.L., Appl. Spectrosc. 51 (2) (1997) p. 247.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
74.Stellman, C.M., Booksh, K.S., Muroski, A.R., Nelson, M.P., and Myrick, M.L., Sci. Eng. Compos. Mater. 7 (1–2) (1998) p. 51.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
75.Sprunt, J.C. and Jayasooriya, U.A., Appl. Spectrosc. 51 (9) (1997) p. 1410.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
76.Cooney, T.F., Skinner, H.T., and Angel, S.M., Appl. Spectrosc. 50 (7) (1996) p. 836.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
77.Cooney, T.F., Skinner, H.T., and Angel, S.M., Appl. Spectrosc. 50 (7) (1996) p. 849.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
78.Maguire, J.F. and Talley, P.L., J. Adv. Mater. 26 (2) (1995) p. 27.Google Scholar
79.Lewis, I.R. and Griffiths, P.R., Appl. Spectrosc. 50 (10) (1996) p. 12A.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
80.Rice, B.P., “Monitoring of Composite Resin Cure with a Tool-Mounted UV-VIS-NIR Fiber Optic Sensor,” Proc. 38th International SAMPE Symposium (SAMPE, Covina, CA, 1993) p. 893.Google Scholar
81.Paik, H.J. and Sung, N.H., Polym. Eng. Sci. 34 (12) (1994) p. 1025.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
82.Dang, W. and Sung, N.H., Polym. Eng. Sci. 34 (9) (1994) p. 707.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
83.Woerdeman, D.L., Flynn, K.M., Dunkers, J.P., and Parnas, R.S., J. Reinf. Plast. Compos. 15 (1996) p. 922.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
84.Fuchs, A. and Sung, N.H., “Composite Interphase Study by Evanescent Fiber-Optic Fluorescence,” Proc. Antec ′95 (Society of Plastics Engineers, Brookfield, CT, 1995) p. 2437.Google Scholar
85.Fuchs, A. and Sung, N., Polym. Mater. Sci. Eng. 71 (1994) p. 439.Google Scholar
86.Woerdeman, D.L. and Parnas, R.S., Plast. Eng. 51 (10) (1995).Google Scholar
87.Mitra, B. and Booth, D.J., Ultrasonics 35 (1998) p. 569.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
88.Chen, J.Y., Hoa, S.V., Jen, C.K., and Wang, H., J. Compos. Mater. 33 (20) (1999) p. 1860.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
89.Zhang, B., Zu, Z., Wang, D., and Du, S., Opt. Eng. 40 (4) (2001) p. 612.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
90.Suopajarvi, P., Lyori, V., Nissila, S., and Kopola, H., Opt. Eng. 34 (9) (1995) p. 2587.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
91.Udd, E., Fiber Optic Sensors: An Introduction for Engineers and Scientists (John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1991).Google Scholar
92.Lyons, W.B., Ewald, H., Flanagan, C., Lochmann, S., and Lewis, E., Meas. Sci. Technol. 12 (2001) p. 958.Google Scholar
93.Dunphy, J.R., Meltz, G., Lamm, F.P., and Morey, W.W., in Proc. SPIE, Vol. 1370 (SPIE— The International Society for Optical Engineering, Bellingham, WA, 1990) p. 116.Google Scholar
94.Murukeshan, V.M., Chan, P.Y., Ong, L.S., and Seah, L.K., Sens. Actuators, A 79 (2000) p. 153.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
95.Dewynter-Marty, V. and Ferdinand, P., J. Intell. Mater. Sys. Struct. 9 (1998) p. 785.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
96.Liu, T., Fernando, G.F., Rao, Y., Jackson, D.A., Zhang, L., and Bennion, I., J. Smart Mater. Struct. 7 (1998) p. 550.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
97.Kister, G., Ralph, B., and Fernando, G.F., Adv. Eng. Mater. 3 (9) (2001) p. 711.3.0.CO;2-#>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
98.Strehmel, V. and Scherzer, T., Eur. Polym. J. 30 (3) (1994) p. 361.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
99.Chike, K.E., Myrick, M.L., Lyon, R.E., and Angel, S.M., Appl. Spectrosc. 47 (10) (1993) p. 1631.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
100.Scherzer, T., J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 51 (1994) p. 491.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
101.Paputa Peck, M.C., Carter, R.O. III, and Qaderi, S.B.A., J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 33 (1987) p. 77.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
102.Min, B.G., Stachurski, Z.H., Hodgkin, J.H., and Heath, G.R., Polymer 34 (17) (1993) p. 3620.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
103.Min, B.G., Shin, D.K., Stachurski, Z.H., and Hodgkin, J.H., Polym. Bull. 33 (1994) p. 465.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
104.John, N.A.St and George, G.A., Polymer 33 (13) (1992) p. 2679.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
105.DeBakker, C.J., George, G.A., John, N.A.St., and Fredericks, P.M., Spectrochim. Acta 49A (5) (1993) p. 739.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
106.DeBakker, C.J., John, N.A.St., and George, G.A., Polymer 34 (4) (1993) p. 716.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
107.Fu, J.H. and Schlup, J.R., J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 49 (1993) p. 219.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
108.Xu, L., Fu, J.H., and Schlup, J.R., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 116 (1994) p. 2821.CrossRefGoogle Scholar