Hostname: page-component-745bb68f8f-d8cs5 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2025-01-20T17:36:03.177Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Load-Bearing Ordered Intermetallic Compounds—A Historical View

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  29 November 2013

Robert W. Cahn
Get access

Extract

Chemical combination among metals has been studied for a long time. In the early days, chemists had much difficulty in understanding how metals could combine at all among themselves, often in several different proportions, since this often seemed to be at variance with elementary notions of valency. Indeed, in the last century a distinction was proposed between daltonides and berthollides, the former being compounds with simple ratios of the numbers of constituent atoms… consistent with Dalton's atomic theory!… the latter, called after a skeptical French chemist, being the name reserved for compounds with a wide composition range which scarcely seemed explicable on any reasonable atomic model. A few nostalgic souls still employ these distinctions.

An early classic on the subject was a book published by two Italian chemists in 1918. British metallurgist C.H. Desch also wrote a monograph on intermetallic compounds in 1914 (the year when the name “physical metallurgy” was first proposed, and the chemical bias of metallurgy shifted toward a physical one), and he declared that “attempts to form a theory of the constitution of intermetallic compounds… have been comparatively unsuccessful.” When he returned to the subject 20 years later, he felt much more cheerful about the state of the theory because in the meantime Hume-Rothery had introduced the concepts of atomic size factor, electron/atom ratio, and electronegativity (a concept also associated with the name of Linus Pauling) into the discussion of intermetallic phases, or compounds. Today, a battery of sophisticated physical concepts is used to make sense of both binary and multielement intermetallic compounds and they are no longer regarded as chemical anomalies.

Type
Technical Features
Information
MRS Bulletin , Volume 16 , Issue 5 , May 1991 , pp. 18 - 23
Copyright
Copyright © Materials Research Society 1991

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

1.Giua, Michele and Giua-Lollini, Clara, Chemical Combination Among Metals, transl. Robinson, G. Wooding (J. & A. Churchill, London, 1918).Google Scholar
2.Desch, C.H., Intermetallic Compounds (Longmans Green, London, 1914).Google Scholar
3.Desch, C.H., The Chemistry of Solids (Cornell University Press, Ithaca, NY, 1934) p. 153–160.Google Scholar
4.Girgis, K., “Structure of Intermetallic Compounds,” in Physical Metallurgy, edited by Cahn, R.W. and Haasen, P. (North-Holland, Amsterdam, 1983) p. 219–270.Google Scholar
5.Schäfer, H., Ann. Rev. Mater. Sci. 15 (1985) p. 1–41.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
6.Kurnakov, N., Zemczuzny, S., and Zasedelev, M., J. Inst. Metals 15 (1916) p. 305.Google Scholar
7.Johansson, C.H. and Linde, J.O., Ann. Physik 78 (1925) p. 439.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
8.Bradley, A.J. and Jay, A.H., Proc. R. Soc. London, Ser. A 136 (1932) p. 210.Google Scholar
9.Bradley, A.J. and Taylor, A., Proc. R. Soc. London, Ser. A 159 (1937) p. 56.Google Scholar
10.Cadeville, M.C. and Morán-López, J.L., Physics Reports (Review Section of Physics Letters) 153 (1987) p. 331.Google Scholar
11.Buschow, K.H.J., Mater. Sci. Rpts. 1 (1986) p. 1.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
12.Sofia, W.A. and Laughlin, D.E., Acta Metall. 37 (1989) p. 3019.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
13.Bragg, W.L. and Williams, E.J., Proc. R. Soc. London, Ser. A 145 ((1934) p. 699.Google Scholar
14.Cottrell, A.H., Theoretical Structural Metallurgy (Edward Arnold, London, 1948).Google Scholar
15.de Fontaine, D., “The Cluster Variation Method and the Calculation of Alloy Phase Diagrams,” in Alloy Phase Stability, edited by Stocks, G.M. and Gonis, A. (Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, Netherlands, 1989) p. 177–204.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
16.Pitsch, W. and Inden, G., in Phase Transformations in Materials, edited by Haasen, P. (VCH, Weinheim, 1991), p. 497.Google Scholar
17.Sykes, C. and Evans, H., J. Inst. Metals 58 ((1936) p. 255.Google Scholar
18.Sykes, C. and Jones, F.W., Proc. R. Soc. London, Ser. A 145 ((1936) p. 699.Google Scholar
19.Cahn, R.W., Siemers, P.A., Hall, E.L., Geiger, J.E., and Bardhan, P., Acta Metall. 35 (1987) p. 2737, 2753.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
20.van Tendeloo, G., “Electron Microscopy of Ordering in Alloys,” in Alloy Phase Stability, edited by Stocks, G.M. and Gonis, A. (Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, Netherlands, 1989) p. 75–100.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
21.Irani, R.S. and Cahn, R.W., J. Mater. Sci. 8 ((1973) p. 1453.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
22.Tanner, L.E. and Leamy, H.J., “The Microstructure of Order-Disorder Transitions,” in Order-Disorder Transformations in Alloys, edited by Warlimont, H. (Springer, Heidelberg, 1974) p. 180–239.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
23.Clarebrough, L., Hargreaves, M.E., and Loretto, M.H., Proc. R. Soc. London (Ser. A) 257A (1960) p. 338, 363; L. Clarebrough, M.E. Hargreaves, and M.H. Loretto, Proc. R. Soc. London (Ser. A) 261A (1961) p. 500.Google Scholar
24.Néel, L., Paulev́, J., Pauthenet, R., Langier, J., and Dautreppe, D., J. Appl. Phys. 35 ((1964) p. 873.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
25.Cahn, R.W., “Ordering Kinetics and Diffusion in Some L12 Compounds,” in Phase Transitions in Condensed Systems: Experiments and Theory, edited by Cargill, G.S., Spaepen, F., and Tu, K.-N. (Mater. Res. Soc. Symp. Proc. 57, Pittsburgh, PA, 1987) p. 385–404.Google Scholar
26.Pettifor, D.G., J. Phys. C 19 ((1986) p. 285.Google Scholar
27.Pettifor, D.G., “It's All Very Well in Practice But What About Theory?” in New Materials for the Next Century, edited by Briggs, G.A.D. (Blackwell, Oxford, 1990).Google Scholar
28.Pettifor, D.G., “Quantum Mechanics in Alloy Design,” in Alloy Phase Stability, as Reference 15, p. 329–350.Google Scholar
29.Villars, P., Mathis, K., and Hulliger, F., “Environment Classification and Structural Stability Maps,” in Cohesion and Structure, Vol. 2, edited by de Boer, F.R. and Pettifor, D.G. (North-Holland, Amsterdam, 1989) p. 1–103.Google Scholar
30.de Boer, F.R., Boom, R., Mattens, W.C.M., Miedema, A.R., and Niessen, A.K., Cohesion in Metals: Transition Metal Alloys, Cohesion and Structure, Vol. 1, (Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1988).Google Scholar
31.Jones, R.O. and Gunnarsson, O., Rev. Mod. Phys. 61 ((1989) p. 689.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
32.Freeman, A.J., “Structural Stability of Intermetallic Compounds: A Computational Metallurgical Approach,” in Alloy Phase Stability, edited by Stocks, G.M. and Gonis, A. (Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, 1989), p. 365–376, and other articles therein.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
33.Theory of Alloy Phase Formation, editor Bennett, L.H. (TMS-AIME, New York, 1980).Google Scholar
34.Stoloff, N.S. and Davies, R.G., Prog. Mater. Sci. 13 ((1966) p. 1.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
35.Cahn, R.W., “Correlation of Local Order with Mechanical Properties,” in Local Atomic Arrangements Studied by X-ray Diffraction, edited by Cohen, J.B. and Hilliard, J.E. (Gordon and Breach, New York 1966) p. 179–214.Google Scholar
36.Lawley, A., in Intermetallic Compounds, edited by Westbrook, J.H. (Wiley, New York, 1967) p. 464–490.Google Scholar
37.Stoloff, N.S. “Intermetallic Compounds and Ordered Phases,” in Strengthening Methods in Crystals, edited by Kelly, A. and Nicholson, R.B. (Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1971) p. 193–259.Google Scholar
38.Yamaguchi, M. and Umakoshi, Y., Prog. Mater. Sci. 34 ((1990) p. 1.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
39.Moine, R., Eymery, J.P., and Grosbras, P., Phys. Status Solidi (b) 46 ((1971) p. 177.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
40.Jang, J.S.C. and Koch, C.C., J. Mater. Res. 5 ((1990) p. 498.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
41.Lawley, A., Coll, J.A., and Cahn, R.W., Trans. AIME 218 ((1960) p. 166.Google Scholar
42.Whittenberger, J.D., J. Mater. Sci. 23 ((1987) p. 274.Google Scholar
43.Polvani, R.S., Tzeng, W.S., and Strutt, P.R., Met. Trans. 7A (1976) p. 23, 31.Google Scholar
44.Cahn, R.W., “Recovery, Strain-Age-Hardening and Recrystallization in Deformed Intermetallics,” in High Temperature Aluminides and Intermetallics, edited by Whang, S.H., Liu, C.T., Pope, D.P., and Stiegler, J.O. (TMS-AIME, Warrendale, PA, 1990) p. 245–270.Google Scholar
45.Cahn, R.W., Takeyama, M., Horton, J.A., and Liu, C.T., J. Mater. Res. 6 ((1991) p. 57.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
46.McKamey, C.C. and Horton, J.A., Met. Trans. 20A (1989) p. 751.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
47.McKamey, C.C., Horton, J.A., and Liu, C.T., in High-Temperature Ordered Intermetallic Alloys II, edited by Stoloff, N.S., Koch, C.C., Liu, C.T., and Izumi, O. (Mater. Res. Symp. Proc. 81, Pittsburgh, PA, 1987) p. 321.Google Scholar
48.McKamey, C.C., De Van, J.K., Tortorelli, P.F., and Sikka, V.K., accepted by J. Mater. Res. 6 (1991).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
49.Ball, A. and Smallman, R.E., Acta Metall. 14 ((1966) p. 1517.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
50.Rachinger, W.A and Cottrell, A.H., Acta Metall. 4 ((1956) p. 109.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
51.Fleischer, R.L., Acta Metall. 35 ((1987) p. 2129.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
52.Munroe, P.A. and Baker, I., Scripta Metall. 23 ((1989) p. 495.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
53.Hahn, K.H. and Vedula, K., Scripta Metall. 23 ((1989) p. 7.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
54.Nieh, T.C., Wadsworth, J., and Liu, C.T., Scripta Metall. 22 ((1988) p. 1409.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
55.Baker, I. and Munroe, P.R., “A Review of the Properties of B2 Compounds,” in High Temperature Aluminides and Intermetallics, edited by Whang, S.H.et al. (TMS-AIME, Warrendale, 1990) p. 425–452.Google Scholar
56.Pank, P.R., Nathal, M.V., and Koss, P.A., J. Mater. Res. 5 ((1990) p. 942.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
57.Ishida, K., Kainuma, A., Ueno, N., and Nishizawa, T., Met. Trans. 22A (1991) p. 441.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
58.Yang, R., Leake, J.A., and Cahn, R.W., to be presented at the ASM Conference on High Temperature Aluminides and Intermetallics, San Diego, Sept. 17-19, 1991, and published in the proceedings.Google Scholar
59.Khan, T., Caron, P., and Naka, S., “Mechanical Behavior of Nc-Based Intermetallics and The Need for Designing Multiphase Alloys,” in High Temperature Aluminides and Intermetallics, edited by Whang, S.K.et al. (TMS-AIME, Warrendale, PA, 1990) p. 219–244.Google Scholar
60.Noebe, R.D., Bowman, R.R, Kim, J.T., Larsen, M., and Gibala, R., in High Temperature Aluminides and Intermetallics, edited by Whang, S.E.et al. (TMS-AIME, Warrendale, 1989), p. 271.Google Scholar
61.Aoki, K. and Izumi, O., J. Jpn. Inst. Met. 43 ((1979) p. 1190.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
62.Stoloff, N.S., Intl. Mater. Rev. 34 ((1989) p. 153.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
63.Jishan, Z.et al., in High Temperature Ordered Intermetallic Alloys III, edited by Liu, C.T., Taub, A.I., Stoloff, N.S., and Koch, C.C. (Mater. Res. Symp. Proc. 133, Pittsburgh, PA, 1989) p. 549.Google Scholar
64.Yizhang, Z.et al., in High Temperature Ordered Intermetallic Alloys III, edited by Liu, C.T., Taub, A.I., Stoloff, N.S., and Koch, C.C. (Mater. Res. Symp. Proc. 133, Pittsburgh, PA, 1989) p. 555.Google Scholar
65.Baker, I. and Schulson, E.M., Scripta Metall. 23 ((1989) p. 1883.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
66.Cahn, R.W., in Advances in Physical Metallurgy (Festschrift for A.H. Cottrell's 70th birthday) (The Institute of Metals, London, 1990), p. 67–76.Google Scholar
67.Brenner, S.S. and Hua, M.-J., Scripta Metall. 24 ((1990) p. 671.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
68.Kung, H., Rasmussen, D.R., and Sass, S.L, in High-Temperature Ordered Intermetallics IV, edited by Johnson, L., Pope, D.P., and Stiegler, J.O. (Mater. Res. Symp. Proc. 213, Pittsburgh, PA) in press.Google Scholar
69.Christodoulou, L., Parrish, P.A., and Crowe, C.R., “XD™ Titanium Aluminide Composites,” in High Temperature, High Performance Composites, edited by Lemkey, F.D.et al. (Mater. Res. Symp. Proc. 120, Pittsburgh, PA, 1989) p. 29.Google Scholar
70.Larsen, D.E., Adams, M.L., Kampe, S.L., Christodoulou, L., and Bryant, J.D., Scripta Metall. 24 ((1990) p. 851.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
71.Kuruvilia, A.K., Prasad, K.S., Bhanuprasad, V.V., and Mahajan, Y.R., Scripta Metall. 24 ((1990) p. 873.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
72.Fleischer, R.L., Dimiduk, D.M., and Lipsitt, H.A., Ann. Rev. Mater. Sci. 19 ((1989) p. 231.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
73.Kim, Y.W., JOM 41/7 (1989) p. 24. See also High Temperature Ordered Intermetallic Alloys IV (Mater. Res. Symp. Proc. 213, Pittsburgh, PA) in press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
74.Strangwood, M. and Vassel, A., Harwell (U.K.) Report R 13198 (1989).Google Scholar
75.Yamaguchi, M. and Shirai, Y., “Deformation Behavior of Single and Polycrystal Al3Ti with Ternary Alloying Additions,” in Dispersion-Strengthened Aluminum Alloys (TMS-AIME, Warrendale, PA, 1988).Google Scholar
76.Lim, L.C. and Watanabe, T., Acta Metall. et Mater. 38 ((1990) p. 2507.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
77.Yang, R., Leake, J.A., and Cahn, R.W., J. Mater. Res. 6 (1991) p. 343.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
78.Cahn, R.W., in High Temperature Ordered Intermetallic Alloys II, edited by Stoloff, N.S.et al. (Mater. Res. Soc. Proc. 81, Pittsburgh, PA, 1987) p. 27.Google Scholar