This article is an edited transcript based on a presentation given by Rebecca M. Bergman (Medtronic Inc.) as part of Symposium X—Frontiers of Materials Research on November 30, 2004, at the Materials Research Society Fall Meeting in Boston. Materials innovations have been at the heart of many important advances in implantable medical devices. Miniaturization, improved durability and longevity, enhanced biocompatibility, and controlled delivery are several areas where materials innovations have been important in advancing medical products and therapies. The demands on materials used in the physiological environment are stringent and include requirements related to materials properties as well as safety, quality, and reliability. Looking ahead, materials will undoubtedly continue to be an enabling technology for future innovations in medicine, including novel therapies such as tissue engineering, cell therapy, and gene therapy.