Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-fscjk Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2025-01-05T13:52:08.817Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

How Third-Body Processes Affect Friction and Wear

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  29 November 2013

Irwin L. Singer
Get access

Extract

Materials designed for rolling or sliding contact, like corrosion-resistant materials, can provide great cost savings to industry. So why can't such “tribomaterials” be designed based on materials properties that control friction and wear? In recent years, it has become clear that the properties we need to understand are not only those of the starting materials—whether bulk solids or engineered surfaces—but also those of the materials generated within the sliding (or rolling) contact, the so-called “third-body” materials. This article reviews third-body processes and their role in controlling friction and wear of practical surface treatments.

It may seem odd that properties like slipperiness and wear resistance can be easily described but are not scientifically understood. We can feel that polytetrafluoroethylene is slippery but know that it is not very wear-resistant because we can scratch it with a fork. We can sense low friction when we rub talcum powder between our fingers but know it cannot lubricate indefinitely because it gets ejected as we rub. Is it contradictory to ask for materials that are both slippery and wear-resistant? Slipperiness is associated with low shear strength whereas wear resistance is modeled on high hardness—that is, high shear strength. Before we can answer this seeming contradiction, it is useful to review some aspects of friction and wear.

More than 50 years ago, Bowden and Tabor explained how a low shearstrength film can reduce the friction coefficient between two higher shearstrength materials in sliding contact.

Type
Fundamentals of Friction
Information
MRS Bulletin , Volume 23 , Issue 6 , June 1998 , pp. 37 - 40
Copyright
Copyright © Materials Research Society 1998

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

1.Bowden, F.P. and Tabor, D., The Friction and Lubrication of Solids (Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1950) p. 112.Google Scholar
2.Bolz, R.E. and Tuve, G.L., eds., Handbook of Tables for Applied Engineering Science, 1st ed. (Chemical Rubber, Cleveland, 1970) p. 498.Google Scholar
3.Singer, I.L., Fayeulle, S., and Ehni, P.D., Wear 149 (1991) p. 375.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
4.Habig, K-H., J. Vac. Sci. Technol. 4 (1986) p. 2832; D.E. Peebles and L.E. Pope, Thin Solid Films 173 (1989) p. 19.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
5.Godet, M., Wear 100 (1984) p. 437.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
6.Berthier, Y., Brendle, M., and Godet, M., STLE Tribology Trans. 32 (1989) p. 490.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
7.Singer, I.L., Langmuir 12 (1996) p. 4486.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
8.Singer, I.L., Appl. Surf. Sci. 18 (1984) p. 28.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
9.Buckley, D.H., Surface Effects in Adhesion, Friction, Wear, and Lubrication (Elsevier Science, New York, 1981).Google Scholar
10.Iliuc, I., Tribology of Thin Layers (Elsevier Science, Amsterdam, 1980).Google Scholar
11.Mioyshi, K. and Chung, Y.W., eds., Surface Diagnostics in Tribology (World Scientific, New Jersey, 1993).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
12.Fayeulle, S. and Singer, I.L., Mater. Sci. Eng. A 115 (1989) p. 285.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
13.Singer, I.L., Surf. Coat. Technol. 49 (1991) p. 474.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
14.Ehni, P.D. and Singer, I.L., in New Materials Approaches to Tribology: Theory and Applications, edited by Pope, L., Fehrenbacher, L., and Winer, W. (Materials Research Society, Pittsburgh, 1989) p. 245.Google Scholar
15.Wahl, K.J., Seitzman, L.E., Bolster, R.N., and Singer, I.L., Surf. Coat. Technol. 73 (1995) p. 152.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
16.Wahl, K.J. and Singer, I.L., Tribology Lett. 1 (1995) p. 59.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
17.Fayeulle, S. and Singer, I.L., in Wear Particles: Cradle to Grave, edited by Dowson, D., Taylor, C.M., and Godet, M. (Elsevier Science, Oxford, 1992) p. 293.Google Scholar
18.Fayeulle, S., Singer, I.L., and Ehni, P.D., in Mechanics of Coatings, edited by Dowson, D., Taylor, C.M., and Godet, M. (Elsevier Science, Oxford, 1990) p. 129.Google Scholar
19.Levy, F. and Moser, J., Surf. Coat. Technol. 68/69 (1994) p. 433.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
20.Grosseau-Poussard, J.L., Garem, H., and Moine, P., Surf. Coat. Technol. 78 (1996) p. 129.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
21.Dunn, D.N., Wahl, K.J., and Singer, I.L., in Fundamentals of Nanoindentation and Nanotribology, edited by Baker, Shefford, Gerberich, William, Burnham, Nancy, and Moody, Neville (Mater. Res. Soc. Symp. Proc. 522, Pittsburgh) in press.Google Scholar
22.Vancoille, E., Blanpain, B., Ye, X., Celis, J.P., and Roos, J.R., J. Mater. Res. 9 (1994) p. 992.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
23.Zabinski, J.S., Donley, M.S., Dyhouse, V.J., and McDevitt, NT., Thin Solid Films 214 (1992) p. 156.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
24.Haggerty, S.E. and Lindsey, D.H., in Oxide Minerals, edited by Rumble, D. III (Mineralogical Society of America, Washington, DC, 1981) p. Hg-103 and Chapter 2.Google Scholar
25.MRS Bulletin 22 (8) (1997) p. 17.Google Scholar
26.Singer, I.L., Le Mogne, Th., Donnet, Ch., and Martin, J-M., J. Vac. Sci. Technol. 14 (1996) p. 38; I.L. Singer, Th. Le Mogne, Ch. Donnet, and J-M. Martin, Tribol. Trans. 39 (1996) p. 950.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
27.Enke, K., Dimigen, H., and Hubsch, H., Appl. Phys. Lett. 36 (1980) p. 291; K. Enke, Thin Solid Films 80 (1981) p. 227.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
28.Grill, A., Wear 168 (1993) p. 143.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
29.Miyake, S., Takahashi, S., Watanabe, I., and Yoshihara, H., ASLE Trans. 30 (1987) p. 121; I. Sugimoto and S. Miyake, Appl. Phys. Lett. 56 (1990) p. 1868.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
30.Miyake, S., in Surface Diagnostics in Tribology, edited by Miyoshi, K. and Chung, Y.W. (World Scientific, New Jersey, 1993) p. 183.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
31.Kim, D.S., Fischer, T.E., and Gallois, B., Surf. Coat. Technol. 49 (1991) p. 537.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
32.Buckley, D.H., Surface Effects in Adhesion, Friction, Wear, and Lubrication (Elsevier Science, New York, 1981) p. 574.Google Scholar
33.Singer, I.L., in Fundamentals of Friction, edited by Singer, I.L. and Pollock, H.M. (Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, 1992) p. 237.Google Scholar
34.Singer, I.L., Bolster, R.N., Wegand, J., Fayeulle, S., and Stupp, B.C., Appl. Phys. Lett. 57 (1990) p. 995.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
35.Donnet, C., Belin, M., Auge, J.C., and J-M. Martin, , Surf. Coat. Technol. 68/69 (1994) p. 626.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
36.Savkoor, A.R., in Fundamentals of Friction, edited by Singer, I.L. and Pollock, H.M. (Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, 1992) p. 111.Google Scholar
37.Harris, S.J., Weiner, A.M., and Meng, W-J., Wear 221 (1997) p. 208.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
38. See Reference 16 and references therein.Google Scholar
39.Winer, W.O., Wear 10 (1967) p. 422.CrossRefGoogle Scholar