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Electrochemical strain microscopy: Probing ionic and electrochemical phenomena in solids at the nanometer level

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  12 July 2012

Stephen Jesse ,
Amit Kumar ,
Thomas M. Arruda ,
Yunseok Kim ,
Sergei V. Kalinin  and
Francesco Ciucci
Stephen Jesse
Affiliation:
Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, TN; [email protected]
Amit Kumar
Affiliation:
Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, TN; [email protected]
Thomas M. Arruda
Affiliation:
Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, TN; [email protected]
Yunseok Kim
Affiliation:
Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, TN; [email protected]
Sergei V. Kalinin
Affiliation:
Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, TN; [email protected]
Francesco Ciucci
Affiliation:
Hong Kong University of Science and Technology; [email protected]
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Abstract

Atomistic and nanometer scale mechanisms of electrochemical reactions and ionic flows in solids in the nanometer–micron range persist as terra incognito in modern science. While structural and electronic phenomena are now accessible to electron and scanning probe microscopy (SPM) techniques, probing nanoscale electrochemistry requires the capability to probe local ionic currents. Here, we discuss principles and applications of electrochemical strain microscopy (ESM), a technique based on probing minute deformations induced by electric bias applied to an SPM tip. ESM imaging and spectroscopy are illustrated for several energy storage and conversion materials. We further argue that down-scaling of physical device structures based on oxides necessitates ionic and electrochemical effects to be taken into account. Future pathways for ESM development are discussed.

Type
Research Article
Information
MRS Bulletin , Volume 37 , Issue 7: Scanning probes for new energy materials: Probing local structure and function , July 2012 , pp. 651 - 658
Copyright
Copyright © Materials Research Society 2012

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