Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-vdxz6 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-26T01:36:55.807Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Radiation Effects in Graphite and Carbon-Based Materials

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  29 November 2013

T.D. Burchell
Get access

Extract

Displacement damage in graphite and carbon-based materials can occur when energetic particles, such as neutrons, ions, or electrons impinge on the crystal lattice. The displacement of carbon atoms from their equilibrium positions results in lattice strain, bulk dimensional change, and profound changes in physical properties. This article will discuss the effects of displacement damage in graphites and carbon-based materials. The materials considered here are those whose bonding is sp2—that is, graphites, pyrolytic carbons and graphites, carbon fibers, and carbon-carbon (C/C) composites. Radiation damage in sp3 (diamond) carbon forms is not discussed.

Carbon-based materials and graphites are widely used in nuclear applications. For example, polygranular (manufactured) graphites have been employed as a moderator in nuclear reactors since the 1940s. More recently, pyrolytic graphites, artificial graphites, and C/C composites have been adopted as plasma-facing components in fusion devices. Engineering applications, such as those just cited, have necessitated a full understanding of the basic mechanisms of radiation damage, as well as the effects of radiation damage on the physical properties of carbon-based materials.

Type
Materials Performance in a Radiation Environment
Information
MRS Bulletin , Volume 22 , Issue 4 , April 1997 , pp. 29 - 35
Copyright
Copyright © Materials Research Society 1997

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

1.Nightingale, R.E., Nuclear Graphite (Academic Press, New York, 1962).Google Scholar
2.Simmons, J.H.W., Radiation Damage in Graphite (Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1965).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
3.Engle, G.B. and Eatherly, W.P., High Temperatures—High Pressures 4 (1972) p. 119.Google Scholar
4.Burchell, T.D., in Physical Processes of the Interaction of Fusion Plasmas with Solids, edited by Roth, J. and Hoffer, W.O. (Academic Press, San Diego, 1996) p. 341.Google Scholar
5.Mantell, C.L., Carbon and Graphite Handbook (Interscience Publishers, New York, 1968).Google Scholar
6.Hutcheon, J.M., in Modern Aspects of Graphite Technology, edited by Blackman, L.C.F. (Academic Press, London, 1970) p. 49.Google Scholar
7.Ragen, S. and Marsh, H., J. Mater. Sci. 18 (1983) p. 3161.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
8.Bokros, J.C., Chem. Phys. Carbon 5 (1969) p. 1.Google Scholar
9.Ruland, W., Chem. Phys. Carbon 4 (1968) p. 1.Google Scholar
10.Kelly, B.T., in Materials Science and Technology: Nuclear Materials, Parti (VCH, Weinheim, 1994) p. 365.Google Scholar
11.Price, R.J., Carbon 12 (1974) p. 159.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
12.Donnet, J.B. and Bansal, R.C., Carbon Fibers, 2nd ed. (Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, 1990).Google Scholar
13.Thrower, P.A. and Mayer, R.M., Phys. Status Solidi 47 (1978) p. 11.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
14.Kelly, B.T., Physics of Graphite (Applied Science Publishers, London, 1981).Google Scholar
15.Brocklehurst, J.E. and Kelly, B.T., Carbon 31 (1993) p. 155.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
16.Kelly, B.T. and Burchell, T.D., Carbon 32 (1994) p. 499.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
17.Burchell, T.D. and Oku, T., Nuclear Fusion: Atomic and Plasma-Material Interaction Data for Fusion 5 (1994) p. 77.Google Scholar
18.Burchell, T.D., Phys. Scripta T64 (1996) p. 17.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
19.Bonal, J.P. and Wu, C.H., Phys. Scripta p. 26.Google Scholar
20.Arnold, L., Windscale 1957, Anatomy of a Nuclear Accident (St. Martin's Press, London, 1992).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
21.Bell, J.C., Bridge, H., Cottrell, A.H. F.R.S., Greenough, G.B., Reynolds, W.N., and Simmons, J.H.W., Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London, Ser. A 254 (1962) p. 361.Google Scholar
22.Taylor, R., Kelly, B.T., and Gilchrist, K.E., J. Phys. Chem. Solids 130 (1969) p. 2251.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
23.Burchell, T.D. and Eatherly, W.P., J. Nucl. Mater. 179–181 (1991) p. 205.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
24.Tucker, M.O., Rose, A.P.G., and Burchell, T.D., Carbon 24 (1986) p. 581.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
25.Burchell, T.D., Carbon 34 (1996) p. 279.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
26.Kelly, B.T. and Burchell, T.D., Carbon 32 (1994) p. 119.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
27.Roth, E.P., Watson, R.D., Moss, M., and Drotning, W.D., Sandia Report No. SAND 88-2057, UC-423, 1989.Google Scholar