Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-gb8f7 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-25T12:18:08.235Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Lead-free piezoelectrics—The environmental and regulatory issues

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  10 August 2018

Andrew J. Bell  and
Otmar Deubzer
Andrew J. Bell
Affiliation:
University of Leeds, UK; [email protected]
Otmar Deubzer
Affiliation:
Fraunhofer IZM, Germany; [email protected]
Get access

Abstract

The search for lead-free alternatives to Pb(Zr,Ti)O3 (PZT) piezoelectric ceramics has become a major topic in functional materials research due to legislation in many countries that restricts the use of lead alloys and compounds in commercial products. This article examines both the necessity for regulation and the impacts those regulations have created in the context of piezoelectric materials. It reviews the toxicity of lead, describes current legislation to control the spread of lead in the environment, and attempts to define the risks associated with the manufacture, use, and disposal of lead-based piezoelectric materials. The consequences of current legislation, both intended and unintended, are examined.

Keywords

Pbpiezoelectricceramicwaste management
Type
Lead-free Piezoceramics
Information
MRS Bulletin , Volume 43 , Issue 8: Lead-free Piezoceramics , August 2018 , pp. 581 - 587
Copyright
Copyright © Materials Research Society 2018 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

“Piezoelectric Devices Market—Global Trend & Forecast to 2020” (MarketsandMarkets, 2015).Google Scholar
Gensch, C.-O., Baron, Y., Blepp, M., Moch, K., Moritz, S., Deubzer, O., “Assistance to the Commission on Technological Socio-Economic and Cost-Benefit Assessment Related to Exemptions from the Substance Restrictions in Electrical and Electronic Equipment” (Öko-Institut e.V., Freiburg, Germany, 2016).Google Scholar
World Health Organization (WHO), “Lead Poisoning and Health Fact Sheet” (updated August 2017), http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs379/en.Google Scholar
“Reference Blood Lead Levels (BLL) for Adults in the US” (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health [NIOSH], 2015), http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/ables/pdfs/Reference%20Blood%20Levels%20for%20Adults-2015-12-18_508.pdf.Google Scholar
“Blood Lead Levels in Children” (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2012), https://www.cdc.gov/nceh/lead/acclpp/lead_levels_in_children_fact_sheet.pdf.Google Scholar
“Lead in Drinking-water” (World Health Organization, 2011), http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/dwq/chemicals/lead.pdf.Google Scholar
Bispo, M.S., Korn, M.G.A., Morte, E.S.B., Teixeira, L.S.G., Spectrochim. Acta Part B At. Spectrosc. 57, 2175 (2002).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barbalace, K., “Periodic Table of Elements,” EnvironmentalChemistry.com, 1995–2018, https://EnvironmentalChemistry.com/yogi/periodic.Google Scholar
UK Soil Observatory, “NSI Topsoil Lead,” http://www.ukso.org/nsi/Lead.html.Google Scholar
“Mineral Commodity Summaries 2018” (US Geological Survey, 2018), https://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/mcs/2018/mcs2018.pdf.Google Scholar
“Lead Recycling” (International Lead Association, 2015), https://www.ila-lead.org/UserFiles/File/ILA9927%20FS_Recycling_V08.pdf.Google Scholar
Singh, N., Li, J., Adv. Mater. Res. 878, 338 (2014).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
“Occupational Safety and Health Standards 1910.1025” (Occupational Safety and Health Administration), https://www.osha.gov/pls/oshaweb/owadisp.show_document?p_table=STANDARDS&p_id=10030 (accessed July 2018).Google Scholar
Tsurumi, T., Takezawa, S., Hoshina, T., Takeda, H., Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 56, 10PD01 (2017).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baldé, C.P., Forti, V., Gray, V., Kuehr, R., Stegmann, P., “The Global E-Waste Monitor 2017” (United Nations University, Bonn; International Telecommunication Union, Geneva; International Solid Waste Association, Vienna, 2017).Google Scholar
Odeyingbo, O., Nnorom, I., Deubzer, O., “Person in the Port Project” (United Nations University Vice-Rectorate in Europe Sustainable Cycles Programme, 2017), http://collections.unu.edu/eserv/UNU:6349/PiP_Report.pdf.Google Scholar
Huo, X., Peng, L., Xu, X., Zheng, L., Qiu, B., Qi, Z., Zhang, B., Han, D., Piao, Z., Environ. Health Perspect. 115, 1113 (2007).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pascale, A., Sosa, A., Bares, C., Battocletti, A., Moll, M.J., Pose, D., Laborde, A., González, H., Feola, G., Ann. Glob. Health 82, 197 (2016).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Deubzer, O., “Explorative Study into the Sustainable Use and Substitution of Soldering Metals in Electronics—Ecological and Economical Consequences of the Ban of Lead in Electronics and Lessons to Be Learned for the Future,” PhD thesis, Faculty of Industrial Design, TU Delft, The Netherlands (2007).Google Scholar
Christian, B., Romanov, A., Romanova, I., Turbini, L.J., J. Electron. Mater. 43, 4199 (2014).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
“Restriction of the Use of Certain Hazardous Substances in Electrical and Electronic Equipment” (Directive 2011/65/EU of the European Parliament, 2011).Google Scholar
Draft Delegated Directive, http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=pi_com:Ares(2017)4565004.Google Scholar
Directive 2000/53/EC of the European Parliament on end of life of vehicles (2000).Google Scholar
Regulation 1907/2006 of the European Parliament concerning the Registration, Evaluation, Authorization and Restriction of Chemicals (REACH) (2006).Google Scholar
Web of Science, Clarivate Analytics, http://apps.webofknowledge.com (accessed January 2018).Google Scholar
Rödel, J., Webber, K.G., Dittmer, R., Jo, W., Kimura, M., Damjanovic, D., J. Eur. Ceram. Soc. 35, 1659 (2015).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Koruza, J., Bell, A.J., Frömling, T., Webber, K.G., Wang, K., Rödel, J., J. Materiomics 4, 13 (2018).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ibn-Mohammed, T., Koh, S.C.L., Reaney, I.M., Acquaye, A., Wang, D., Taylor, S., Genovese, A., Energy Environ. Sci. 9, 3495 (2016).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Regulation (EU) 2017/821 of the European Parliament (2017).Google Scholar