Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-dlnhk Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-27T01:16:14.358Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Crack Characterization

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  29 November 2013

Otto Buck
Get access

Extract

Although cracks in structural components are, in general, highly undesirable, not all of them are detrimental to the life of the structure. To determine precisely how detrimental the crack actually is, one must characterize several crack parameters, particularly the location, size, shape, and orientation with respect to the applied stress. With these parameters and the magnitude of the applied stress, the driving force on the crack can be calculated by determining the stress intensity factor K or the stress intensity range ΔK. Most inspections today are performed in a scanning mode. If indications of some anomaly appear, the inspection is concentrated on these locations; and, if the response verifies the presence of a flaw, the size, shape, orientation of the flaw and the potential for future growth of the flaws are determined. This process is now termed “quantitative nondestructive evaluation” (QNDE).

This short review is devoted to recent advances in the characterization of cracks in various stages of development. The increase in sophistication in instrumentation and the use of computers for data analysis and interpretation has been dramatic and will certainly continue.

In the laboratory, compliance gauges and electrical potential drop methods are now extensively used for crack length and shape measurements. Acoustic methods are being widely used in industry as nondestructive testing and evaluation tools because they are relatively easy to apply to real structures.

Type
Crack Formation and Propagation
Information
MRS Bulletin , Volume 14 , Issue 8 , August 1989 , pp. 44 - 51
Copyright
Copyright © Materials Research Society 1989

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

1.Research Techniques in Nondestructive Testing, Vols. 1-8, edited by Sharpe, R.S. (Academic Press, London and New York, 1970–1985).Google Scholar
2.Review of Progress in Quantitative Nondestructive Evaluation, Vols. 1-8, edited by Thompson, D.O. and Chimenti, D.E. (Plenum Press, New York and London, 1982–1989).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
3.Taylor, F.M., Birx, D.L., and Doolin, D.G., in Review of Progress in Quantitative Nondestructive Evaluation, Vol. 3B (Plenum Press, New York and London, 1984) p. 1331.Google Scholar
4.The Measurement of Crack Length and Shape During Fracture and Fatigue, edited by Beevers, C.J. (Engineering Materials Advisory Services, Cradley Heath, Warley, West Midlands, U.K., 1980).Google Scholar
5.Advances in Crack Length Measurement, edited by Beevers, C.J. (Engineering Materials Advisory Services, Cradley Heath, Warley, West Midlands, U.K., 1982).Google Scholar
6.Kobayashi, A.S., in Modelling Problems in Crack Tip Mechanics (Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, Dordrecht, 1984) p. 25.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
7.Experimental Techniques in Fracture Mechanics, Vols. 1 and 2, edited by Kobayashi, A.S. (Soc. for Experimental Stress Analysis, Westport, CT, 1973 and 1975).Google Scholar
8.Handbook on Experimental Mechanics, edited by Kobayashi, A.S. (Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1987).Google Scholar
9.Handbook on Experimental Mechanics, edited by Kobayashi, A.S. (Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1987) p. 739.Google Scholar
10.Chana, M.S. and Beevers, C.J., in Advances in Crack Length Measurement (Engineering Materials Advisory Services, Cradley Heath, Warley, West Midlands, U.K., 1982) p. 375.Google Scholar
11.Irwin, G.R., J. Appl. Mech. 24 (1957) p. 361.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
12.Bubsey, R.T., Fisher, D.M., Jones, M.H., and Srawley, J.E., in Experimental Techniques in Fracture Mechanics, Vol. 1 (Soc. for Experimental Stress Analysis, Westport, CT, 1973) p. 76.Google Scholar
13.Smith, R.F. and Doig, P., Proc. Soc. Experimental Mechanics 43 (1986) p. 122.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
14.Mechanics of Fatigue Crack Closure, ASTM STP 982, edited by Newman, J.C. and Elber, W. (Am. Soc. for Testing and Mater., Philadelphia, PA, 1988).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
15.Watt, K.R., in The Measurement of Crack Length and Shape During Fracture and Fatigue (Engineering Materials Advisory Services, Cradley Heath, Warley, West Midlands, U.K., 1980) p. 202.Google Scholar
16.Baudin, G. and Policella, H., in Advances in Crack Length Measurement (Engineering Materials Advisory Services, Cradley Heath, Warley, West Midlands, U.K., 1982) p. 159.Google Scholar
17.Austen, I.M., in The Measurement of Crack Length and Shape During Fracture and Fatigue (Engineering Materials Advisory Services, Cradley Heath, Warley, West Midlands, U.K., 1980) p. 164.Google Scholar
18.Bardal, E., Berge, T., Grovlen, M., Haagensen, P.J., and Forre, B.M., in Advances in Crack Length Measurement (Engineering Materials Advisory Services, Cradley Heath, Warley, West Midlands, U.K., 1982) p. 139.Google Scholar
19.Gangloff, R.P., in Advances in Crack Length Measurement (Engineering Materials Advisory Services, Cradley Heath, Warley, West Midlands, U.K., 1982) p. 175.Google Scholar
20.Krompholz, A.K., Grosser, E.D., Ewert, K., and Moritz, E., in Advances in Crack Length Measurement (Engineering Materials Advisory Services, Cradley Heath, Warley, West Midlands, U.K., 1982) p. 231.Google Scholar
21.Auld, B.A., Muennemann, F., and Winslow, D.K., J. Nondestructive Eval. 2 (1981) p. 1.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
22.Coffey, J.M., in The Measurement of Crack Length and Shape During Fracture and Fatigue (Engineering Materials Advisory Services, Cradley Heath, Warley, West Midlands, U.K., 1980) p. 345.Google Scholar
23.Silk, M.G., in Research Techniques in Nondestructive Testing, Vol. 3 (Academic Press, London and New York, 1977) p. 51.Google Scholar
24.de Billy, M., Cohen-Tenoudji, F., Quentin, G., Lewis, K., and Adler, L., J. Nondestructive Eval. 1 (1980) p. 249.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
25.Achenbach, J.D. and Gautesen, A.K., J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 61 (1977) p. 413.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
26.Achenbach, J.D., Adler, L., Lewis, D.K., and McMaken, H., J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 66 (1979) p. 1848.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
27.Paris, P.C. and Erdogan, F., J. Basic Engineering Trans. ASME D85 (1963) p. 528.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
28.Tada, H., Paris, P.C., and Irwin, G.R., in The Stress Analysis of Cracks Handbook (Del Research Corp., St. Louis, 1973).Google Scholar
29.Kanninen, M.K. and Popelar, C.H., Advanced Fracture Mechanics (Oxford University Press, New York and Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1985).Google Scholar
30.Yunlin, Lai, Eng. Fracture Mechanics 26 (1987) p. 383.Google Scholar
31.Post, D., in Handbook on Experimental Mechanics (Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1987) p. 314.Google Scholar
32.Barker, D.B., Sanford, R.J., and Chona, R., Proc. Soc. Experimental Mechanics 42 (1985) p. 399.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
33.Tseng, C.G., “A Crack Closure Study on 2024-T351 Aluminum Alloy by the Moiré Method,” PhD dissertation, Iowa State University, 1985.Google Scholar
34.Guillot, M.W. and Sharpe, W.N., Proc. Soc. Exp. Stress Analysis 40 (1983) p. 354.Google Scholar
35.Ranson, W.F., Sutton, M.A., and Peters, W.H., in Handbook on Experimental Mechanics (Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1987) p. 388.Google Scholar
36.Tang, Z.Q., Wu, K.C., Cheng, C.H., Chern, S.S., and Hsiao, C.C., J. Appi. Phys. 54 (1983) p. 1651.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
37.Kalthoff, J.F., Int. J. Fracture 27 (1985) p. 277.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
38.Sukere, A.A., in Corrosion Cracking (American Society for Metals, Metals Park, OH, 1986) p. 369.Google Scholar
39.Davidson, D.L., Williams, D.R., and Buckingham, J.E., Proc. Soc. Exp. Stress Analysis 40 (1983) p. 242.Google Scholar
40.Davidson, D.L., in Modelling Problems in Crack Tip Mechanics (Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, Dordrecht, 1984) p. 217.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
41.Rowlands, R.E., in Handbook on Experimental Mechanics (Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1987) p. 768.Google Scholar
42.Kino, G.S., Barnett, D.M., Grayeli, N., Herrmann, G., Hunter, J.B., Ilic, D.B., Johnson, G.C., King, R.B., Scott, M.P., Shyne, J.C., and Steel, C.R., J. Nondestructive Eval. 1 (1980) p. 67.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
43.Clark, A.V., Mignogna, R.B., and Sanford, R.J., Ultrasonics 21 (1983) p. 57.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
44.Buck, O., Rehbein, D.K., and Thompson, R.B., Eng. Fracture Mech. 28 (1987) p. 413.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
45.Buck, O., Thompson, R.B., Rehbein, D.K., Brasche, L.J.H., and Palmer, D.D., in Advances in Fracture Research (Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1989) p. 3121.Google Scholar
46.Welsch, E., Eitler, D., Scholtes, B., and Macherauch, E., in Residual Stresses in Science and Technology (DGM Informationsgesellschaft Verlag, Oberursel, W. Germany, 1987) p. 785.Google Scholar
47.Thompson, R.B., Wyk, L. Van, Rehbein, D.K., Tsai, Y.M., and Buck, O., in Advances in Fracture Research (Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1989) p. 3165.Google Scholar
48.Rehbein, D.K., Wyk, L. Van, Thompson, R.B., and Buck, O., in Review of Progress in Quantitative Nondestructive Evaluation 8B (Plenum Press, New York and London, 1989) p. 1787.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
49.Wyk, L.M. Van, “A Study on Ultrasonic Detection and Characterization of Partially Closed Fatigue Cracks,” MS dissertation, Iowa State University, 1989.Google Scholar
50.Buck, O., Rehbein, D.K., and Thompson, R.B., in Effects of Load and Thermal Histories on Mechanical Behavior of Materials (TMS-AIME, Warrendale, PA, 1987) p. 49.Google Scholar