Published online by Cambridge University Press: 07 January 2016
This article examines Gramsci's theory of intellectuals in the light of Bauman's distinction between ‘legislators’ and ‘interpreters’. By distinguishing descriptive and prescriptive dimensions to Gramsci's theory, it is possible to see a tension between the dual ethical and political functions that he attributes to ‘organic intellectuals’. In the one, Gramsci effectively deconstructs the intellectual's role as the bearer of universal knowledge, while in the other he reconstructs that role through an emphasis on the revolutionary party. It is argued that the tensions in Gramsci's theory stem from his attachment to a peculiarly modern conception of the relationship between intellectuals, culture and the state.
1. For a useful discussion of the problematic status of intellectuals in social and political thought, see Eyerman, Ron, Between Culture and Politics. Intellectuals in Modern Society, Polity, Cambridge, 1994.Google Scholar
2. See the following for general appraisals of Gramsci's contribution: Sassoon, Anne Showstack, Gramsci's Politics, 2nd edn, Hutchinson, London, 1987; Boggs, Carl, Intellectuals and the Crisis of Modernity, Albany, State University of New York Press, 1993; Karabel, Jerome, ‘Revolutionary Contradictions: Antonio Gramsci and the Problem of Intellectuals’, Politics and Society, 6, 1976, pp. 123–72.Google Scholar
3. See Bauman, Zigmunt, ‘Legislators and Interpreters: Culture as the Ideology of Intellectuals’, in his Intimations of Postmodernity, Routledge, London, 1992, pp. 1–25.Google Scholar
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5. Ibid., p. 7.Google Scholar
6. Ibid., pp. 11, 12.Google Scholar
7. Ibid., pp. 14–15.Google Scholar
8. Ibid., p. 22.Google Scholar
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14. A similar conception of the intellectual was proffered by Karl Mannheim in his Ideology and Utopia. See Hughes, , Consciousness and Society, pp. 418–17.Google Scholar
15. This cultural environment is well illustrated in Bellamy, Richard, Modern Italian Social Theory. Ideology and Politics from Pareto to the Present, Polity, Cambridge, 1987 and Bellamy, Richard, ‘Gramsci, Croce and the Italian Political Tradition’, History of Political Thought, 11, 1990, pp. 313–37.Google Scholar
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37. Quaderni, pp. 1518–19 (SPN, pp. 12–13).Google Scholar
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59. Ibid., p. 2171 (SPN, p. 309).Google Scholar
60. Ibid., p. 2166 (SPN, p. 303).Google Scholar
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63. Ibid., p. 1561 (SPN, p. 133).Google Scholar
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67. Ibid., p. 1382 (SPN. p. 330), 1390 (SPN, p. 334).Google Scholar
68. Ibid., pp. 1383 (SPN, pp. 330–1), 1428–30 (SPN, pp. 427–9), 1780 (SPN, pp. 364–5).Google Scholar
69. Ibid., p. 1505 (SPN, p. 418).Google Scholar
70. Ibid., p. 1561 (SPN, p. 133).Google Scholar
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76. Quaderni, pp. 1376–7 (SPN, p. 324).Google Scholar
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