¹ Sewell, William H. Jr, “Whatever Happened to the ‘Social’ in Social History?”, in Scott, Joan and Keates, Debra, eds., Schools of Thought: Twenty-Five Years of Interpretive Social Science (Princeton, 2001), 209–26Google Scholar, at 215; and the final expanded version, “The Political Unconscious of Social and Cultural History, or, Confessions of a Former Quantitative Historian,” in William H. Sewell Jr, Logics of History: Social Theory and Social Transformation (Chicago, 2005), 22–80; Brick, Howard, Transcending Capitalism: Visions of a New Society in Modern American Thought (Ithaca, 2006)Google Scholar; Rodgers, Daniel T., Age of Fracture (Cambridge, 2011)CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

² Sewell, “Whatever Happened to the ‘Social’,” 215.

³ Brick, Transcending Capitalism, 2, 154. See also Howard Brick, “Society,” in Stanley Kutler, ed., Encyclopedia of the United States in the Twentieth Century, 4 vols. (New York, 1996), 2: 917–39.

⁴ Rodgers, Age of Fracture, 185, 220; see also 198, 271.

⁵ Brick, Transcending Capitalism, 10; Dorothy Ross, “Socialism and American Liberalism: Academic Social Thought in the 1880s,” Perspectives in American History 2 (1977–8), 5–79.

⁶ Rodgers, Age of Fracture, 3.

⁷ Ibid., 6. On aggregates see Mills, C. Wright, The Sociological Imagination (New York, 2000; first published 1959), 61–8Google Scholar. See also Samuel Moyn's review of Age of Fracture, “Studying the Fault Lines,” Dissent 58/2 (2011), 101–5.

⁸ See, e.g., Schorske, Carl E., “History and the Study of Culture,” New Literary History 21/2 (1990), 407–20CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Susman, Warren I., Culture as History: The Transformation of American Society in the Twentieth Century (New York, 1984)Google Scholar; Herman, Ellen, The Romance of American Psychology: Political Culture in the Age of Experts (Berkeley, 1995)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Horowitz, Daniel, The Anxieties of Affluence: Critiques of American Consumer Culture, 1939–1979 (Amherst, MA, 2004)Google Scholar.

⁹ Brick, Transcending Capitalism, 3, recognizes the existence of a mid-century “breach” in social thought created by “totalitarianism, war, the atomic bomb, and the onset of the cold war” and offers the postcapitalist narrative as an important “measure of continuity,” one that was altered but not expunged by the breach until the transformation of the 1970s.

¹⁰ McClay, Wilfred M., The Masterless: Self and Society in Modern America (Chapel Hill, 1994), 189–295Google Scholar, esp. 224; Alpers, Benjamin L., Dictators, Democracy and American Culture: Envisioning the Totalitarian Enemy, 1920s–1950s (Chapel Hill, 2003), 301Google Scholar; Bell, Jonathan, The Liberal State on Trial: The Cold War and American Politics in the Truman Years (New York, 2004)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Ciepley, David, Liberalism in the Shadow of Totalitarianism (Cambridge, 2006), 4Google Scholar. A number of texts also give totalitarianism key roles in postwar social thought: Edward A. Purcell Jr, The Crisis of Democratic Theory: Scientific Naturalism and the Problem of Value (Lexington, 1973), 202, 238–40, first linked totalitarianism to the mid-century liberal adoption of a relativistic theory of democracy. For more recent usage see Andrew Jewett, Science, Democracy, and the American University: From the Civil War to the Cold War (Cambridge, 2012), 16, 233, 247, 289, 328, 343–7; Ira Katznelson, Desolation and Enlightenment: Political Knowledge after Total War, Totalitarianism, and the Holocaust (New York, 2003); S. M. Amadae, Rationalizing Capitalist Democracy: The Cold War Origins of Rational Choice Liberalism (Chicago, 2003); Jamie Cohen-Cole, The Open Mind: Cold War Politics and the Sciences of Human Nature (Chicago, 2014); Fred Turner, The Democratic Surround: Multimedia and American Liberalism from World War II to the Psychedelic Sixties (Chicago, 2013); and most recently Casey N. Blake, Daniel H. Borus, and Howard Brick, At the Center: American Thought and Culture in the Mid-Twentieth Century, 1948–1963 (Lanham, 2020).

¹¹ Rodgers, “Age of Fracture,” in “America in an Age of Fracture: A Forum,” Historically Speaking 12/2 (2011), 12–21, at 12–14; Bruce Schulman, “Daniel Rodgers's (New) Consensus History,” in ibid., at 14–15; and Daniel Rodgers, “A New Consensus?”, in ibid., at 21; Rodgers, Age of Fracture, 8–9, 81. See also Sewell, “Political Unconscious,” 180; Schulman, Bruce J., “Post-1968 U.S. History: Neo Consensus History for the Age of Polarization,” Reviews in American History 47/3 (2019), 479–99CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

¹² Robert Adcock, Liberalism and the Emergence of American Political Science: A Transatlantic Tale (New York, 2014); J. D. Y. Peel, Herbert Spencer: The Evolution of a Sociologist (New York, 1971); Raymond Williams, Key Words: A Vocabulary of Culture and Society, rev. edn (New York, 1985), 291–5; James T. Kloppenberg, The Virtues of Liberalism (New York, 1998); Daniel Walker Howe, The Political Culture of the American Whigs (Chicago, 1979); Ross, Dorothy, “Lincoln and the Ethics of Emancipation: Universalism, Nationalism, Exceptionalism,” Journal of American History 96/2 (2009), 379–9CrossRefGoogle Scholar9.

¹³ Seligman, Adam B., The Idea of Civil Society (Princeton, 1992)Google Scholar; Moyn, Samuel, Not Enough: Human Rights in an Unequal World (Cambridge, 2018)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Rogers M. Smith, Civic Ideals: Conflicting Visions of Citizenship in U.S. History (New Haven, 1997); Fraser, Nancy and Gordon, Linda, “Contract versus Charity: Why Is There No Social Citizenship in the United States?” Socialist Review 22/3 (1992), 45–68Google Scholar.

¹⁴ Dorothy Ross, The Origins of American Social Science (Cambridge, 1991), 149–50, esp. 149.

¹⁵ Williams, Key Words, 76, 286, original emphasis; T. H. Marshall, Class, Citizenship, and Social Development: Essays by T. H. Marshall, ed. Seymour Martin Lipset (Garden City, 1964), 284–9; Ross, “Socialism and American Liberalism.”

¹⁶ Karl Polanyi, The Great Transformation: The Political and Economic Origins of our Time (Boston, 2001; first published 1944); James T. Kloppenberg, Uncertain Victory: Social Democracy and Progressivism in European and American Thought, 1870–1920 (New York, 1986); Jeffrey Sklansky, The Soul's Economy: Market Society and Selfhood in American Thought, 1820–1920 (Chapel Hill, 2002); Eldon J. Eisenach, The Lost Promise of Progressivism (Lawrence, 1994); Ross, “Socialism and American Liberalism”; Ross, The Origins of American Social Science.

¹⁷ Robyn Muncy, Creating a Female Dominion in American Reform, 1890–1935 (New York, 1991); Mary O. Furner, Advocacy and Objectivity: A Crisis in the Professionalization of American Social Science, 1861–1905 (Lexington, 1975); Thomas L. Haskell, The Emergence of Professional Social Science: The American Social Science Association and the Nineteenth-Century Crisis of Authority (Urbana, 1977); Ellen F. Fitzpatrick, Endless Crusade: Women Social Scientists and Progressive Reform (New York, 1990); Ross, The Origins of American Social Science, 247–53.

¹⁸ Marc Stears, Progressives, Pluralists, and the Problems of the State: Ideologies of Reform in the United States and Britain, 1909–1926 (Oxford, 2002), 30; Jane Addams, Democracy and Social Ethics (Urbana, 2002; first published 1902), 6; and Charlene Haddock Seigfried, “Introduction to the Illinois Edition,” in ibid., ix–xxxviii; Dorothy Ross, “Gendered Social Knowledge: Domestic Discourse, Jane Addams, and the Possibilities of Social Science,” in Helene Silverberg, ed., Gender and American Social Science: The Formative Years (Princeton, 1998), 235–64; Sklansky, The Soul's Economy.

¹⁹ John Dewey, “The Ethics of Democracy (1888),” in John Dewey: The Early Works: 1882–1898, ed. Jo Ann Boydston, vol. 1 (Carbondale, 1969), 227–49, at 231; Robert B. Westbrook, John Dewey and American Democracy (Ithaca, 1991), xv; John Dewey, “Philosophy and Democracy” (1918), in John Dewey: The Middle Works: 1918–1919, ed. Jo Ann Boydston, vol. 11 (Carbondale, 1982), 41–53, at 53; Stears, Progressives, Pluralists, 45–9, 146–53; Alan Ryan, John Dewey and the High Tide of American Liberalism (New York, 1996).

²⁰ Ross, The Origins of American Social Science, 98–122, 143–218, 229–40, esp. 235; Melvin I. Urofsky, Louis D. Brandeis: A Life (New York, 2009); Mary O. Furner, “Policy Knowledge: New Liberalism,” in James D. Wright, ed., International Encyclopedia of the Social and Behavioral Sciences, 2nd edn, 26 vols. (Oxford, 2015), 18: 299–306; Herbert Croly, The Promise of American Life (Cambridge, 1965; first published 1909), 25, 209.

²¹ John Higham, Strangers in the Land: Patterns of American Nativism, 1860–1925 (New Brunswick, 1955); Gary Gerstle, American Crucible: Race and Nation in the Twentieth Century (Princeton, 2001), 14–80; Jessica Blatt, Race and the Making of American Political Science (Philadelphia, 2018); Thomas C. Leonard, Illiberal Reformers: Race, Eugenics, and American Economics in the Progressive Era (Princeton, 2016); Matthew Frye Jacobson, Whiteness of a Different Color; European Immigrants and the Alchemy of Race (Cambridge, 1998); Elisabeth Lasch-Quinn, Black Neighbors: Race and Limits of Reform in the American Settlement House Movement, 1890–1945 (Chapel Hill, 1993); Rivka Shpak Lissak, Pluralism and Progressives: Hull House and the New Immigrants, 1890–1919 (Chicago, 1989).

²² Brick, Transcending Capitalism, 54–85; Jacob Kramer, The New Freedom and the Radicals: Woodrow Wilson, Progressive Views of Radicalism, and the Origins of Repressive Tolerance (Philadelphia, 2015); Louis Menand, The Metaphysical Club: A Story of Ideas in America (New York, 2001), 377–408; Furner, “Policy Knowledge”; Purcell, The Crisis of Democratic Theory.

²³ Stears, Progressives, Pluralists, 146–53; Robert and Helen Lynd, Middletown: A Study in Contemporary American Culture (New York, 1929); Mary Parsons Follett, The New State: Group Organization the Solution of Popular Government (New York, 1918); John Dewey, “The Public and Its Problems” (1927), in John Dewey: The Later Works, 1925–1953, ed. Jo Ann Boydston, vol. 2 (Carbondale, 1984), 367–78; Casey Nelson Blake, Beloved Community: The Cultural Criticism of Randolph Bourne, Van Wyck Brooks, Waldo Frank, and Lewis Mumford (Chapel Hill, 1990).

²⁴ George W. Stocking Jr, “Essays on Culture and Personality,” in Stocking, Malinowski, Rivers, Benedict and Others: Essays on Culture and Personality (Madison, 1986), 3–12; John Dewey, “Freedom and Culture” (1939), in John Dewey: The Later Works, vol. 13 (Carbondale, 1988), 65–188, at 82; John S. Gilkeson, Anthropologists and the Recovery of America, 1886–1965 (Cambridge, 2010), 27–68; Warren I. Susman, Culture as History: The Transformation of American Society in the Twentieth Century (New York, 1984; first published 1973), 154; Wendy L. Wall, Inventing the “American Way”: The Politics of Consensus from the New Deal to the Civil Rights Movement (New York, 2008); Michael Denning, The Cultural Front: The Laboring of American Culture in the Twentieth Century (London, 1996), 132–6; Lauren Coats and Nihad M. Farooq, “Regionalism in the Era of the New Deal,” in Charles L. Crow, ed., A Companion to the Regional Literatures of America (Malden, MA, 2003), 74–91; Sarah E. Igo, The Averaged American: Surveys, Citizens, and the Making of a Mass Public (Cambridge, 2007), 103–49.

²⁵ Richard H. Pells, Radical Visions and American Dreams: Culture and Social Thought in the Depression Years (New York, 1973), 80. Adolf A. Berle and Gardiner C. Means, The Modern Corporation and Private Property (New York, 1991; first published 1932), 46, 312–13; Alan Brinkley, The End of Reform: New Deal Liberalism in Recession and War (New York, 1995), 37–8.

²⁶ Pells, Radical Visions and American Dreams, 43–150; Alan Brinkley, “Liberty, Community, and the National Idea,” American Prospect 29 (1996), 53–9; Steve Fraser and Gary Gerstle, eds., The Rise and Fall of the New Deal Order: 1930–1980 (Princeton, 1989); Marcia L. Balisciano, “Hope for America: American Notions of Economic Planning between Pluralism and Neoclassicism, 1930–1950,” in Mary S. Morgan and Malcolm Rutherford, eds., From Interwar Pluralism to Postwar Neoclassicism (Durham, NC, 1998), 153–78.

²⁷ Wall, Inventing the “American Way”, 35–9, esp. 36–8; “Origin of the Term ‘Social Security’,” Social Security Bulletin 55/1 (1992), 63–4; “Statements by President Roosevelt on Social Security,” in The Report of the Committee on Economic Security of 1935: And Other Basic Documents Relating to the Development of The Social Security Act (National Conference on Social Welfare, 1985), 135–56; Maurizio Vaudagna, “National Revival as a Category in the Public Addresses of Franklin D. Roosevelt and Benito Mussolini,” in Biancamaria Bosco, Tedeschini Lalli, Maurizio Vaudagna, eds., Brave New Words: Strategies of Language and Communication in the United States of the 1930s (Amsterdam, 1999), 74–90; Anne M. Kornhauser, Debating the American State: Liberal Anxieties and the New Leviathan, 1930–1930 (Philadelphia, 2015); David Green, The Language of Politics in America: Shaping Political Consciousness from McKinley to Reagan (Ithaca, 1987), 112–63.

²⁸ Brinkley, Rise and Fall; Jennifer Klein, For All These Rights: Business, Labor, and the Shaping of America's Public–Private Welfare State (Princeton, 2003), 78–115; Chad Alan Goldberg, Citizens and Paupers: Relief, Rights, and Race, from the Freedmen's Bureau to Workfare (Chicago, 2007); Alice Kessler-Harris, In Pursuit of Equality: Women, Men, and the Quest for Economic Citizenship in 20th^-Century America (New York, 2001); Edward D. Berkowitz, America's Welfare State: From Roosevelt to Reagan (Baltimore, 1991).

²⁹ Brinkley, End of Reform; Fraser and Gerstle, Rise and Fall; Moyn, Not Enough, 68–88; Jess Gilbert, Planning Democracy: Agrarian Intellectuals and the Intended New Deal (New Haven, 2015); FDR, “The Four Freedoms,” Address to Congress 6 Jan. 1941, at www.fdrlibrary.org/documents/356632/390886/readingcopy.pdf/42234a77-8127-4015-95af-bcf831db311d; Karen M. Tani, States of Dependency: Welfare, Rights, and American Governance 1935–1972 (New York, 2016).

³⁰ Eric Schickler, Racial Realignment: The Transformation of American Liberalism, 1932–1965 (Princeton, 2016); Gerstle, American Crucible; Mae M. Ngai, Impossible Subjects: Illegal Aliens and the Making of Modern America (Princeton, 2004); Ira Katznelson, When Affirmative Action Was White: An Untold History of Racial Inequality in Twentieth-Century America (New York, 2005); Katznelson, Fear Itself: The New Deal and the Origins of Our Time (New York, 2013).

³¹ Wall, American Way, 8–10, 63–7, 103–62; Jacobson, Whiteness of a Different Color; Kevin M. Schultz, Tri-faith America: How Catholics and Jews held Postwar America to its Protestant Promise (New York, 2011).

³² Nelson Lichtenstein, State of the Union: A Century of American Labor, 54–97; Patricia Sullivan, Days of Hope: Race and Democracy in the New Deal Era (Chapel Hill, 1996); Tani, States of Dependency; Wall, American Way, 103–31; David M. Kennedy, Freedom from Fear: The American People in Depression and War, 1929–1945 (New York, 1999), 619–26; William S. Graebner, The Age of Doubt: American Thought and Culture in the 1940s (Boston, 1991), 69–100; Leff, Mark H., “The Politics of Sacrifice on the American Home Front in World War II,” Journal of American History 77/4 (1991), 1296–1318CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Robert B. Westbrook, “Fighting for the American Family: Private Interests and Political Obligation in World War II,” in Richard Wightman Fox and T. J. Jackson Lears, eds., The Power of Culture: Critical Essays in American History (Chicago, 1993), 195–221.

³³ Blake, Borus, and Brick, At the Center; Mark Greif, The Age of the Crisis of Man: Thought and Fiction in America, 1933–1973 (Princeton, 2015); Schorske, “History and the Study of Culture.”

³⁴ Jonathan Bell, “Social Politics in a Transoceanic World in the Early Cold War Years,” in Daniel Scroop and Andrew Heat, eds., Transatlantic Social Politics, 1800–Present (New York, 2014), 165–90; David Riesman, “Introduction to the Transaction Edition,” in Riesman, Abundance for What? (New Brunswick, NJ, 1993; first published 1964), xx–xxvi; Jefferson Cowie, The Great Exception: The New Deal and the Limits of American Politics (Princeton, 2016), 15, 22–5; Brinkley, End of Reform.

³⁵ Landon R. Y. Storrs, The Second Red Scare and the Unmaking of the New Deal Left (Princeton, 2013); Ellen Schrecker, Many Are the Crimes: McCarthyism in America (Princeton, 1998); Jennifer Middelstadt, From Welfare to Workfare: The Unintended Consequences of Liberal Reform, 1945–65 (Chapel Hill, 2005); Michael J. Hogan, A Cross of Iron: Harry S. Truman and the Origins of the National Security State, 1945–1954 (New York, 1998), 209–64; Richard Hofstadter, The Age of Reform (New York, 1955), 14; Newton Arvin et al., Our Country and Our Culture, Partisan Review 19/3–5 (1952).

³⁶ Mark Solovey, Shaky Foundations: The Politics–Patronage–Social Science Nexus in Cold War America (New Brunswick, 2013); Daniel Bell, “The ‘Intelligentsia’ in American Society,” in Bell, The Winding Passage: Essays and Sociological Journeys, 1960–1980 (Cambridge, 1980; first published 1976), 119–37; Jennifer Ratner-Rosenhagen, The Ideas That Made America (New York, 2019), 134–6; Daniel Geary, Radical Ambition: C. Wright Mills, the Left, and American Social Thought (Berkeley, 2009), 10–11, 18–19.

³⁷ Ross, The Origins of American Social Science, 390–470; Office of Scientific Research and Development, Science, the Endless Frontier: A Report to the President by Vannevar Bush (Washington, 1945); Joel Isaac, Working Knowledge: Making the Human Sciences from Parsons to Kuhn (Cambridge, 2012), 195–210; David Paul Haney, The Americanization of Social Science: Intellectuals and Public Responsibility in the Postwar United States (Philadelphia, 2008), 22–45. See also Hunter Heyck, Age of System: Understanding the Development of Modern Social Science (Baltimore, 2015), 18–19: before 1950, roughly 20 percent of research articles in the flagship social-science journals “directly addressed current social issues or public policy questions,” while in the postwar period fewer than 5 percent did and non-research articles on such subjects virtually disappeared.

³⁸ Heyck, Age of System, 18–19; Mary Morgan and Malcolm Rutherford, “American Economics: The Character of the Transformation,” in Morgan and Rutherford, From Interwar Pluralism to Postwar Neoclassicism, 1–28; Joel Isaac, “Epistemic Design: Theory and Data in Harvard's Department of Social Relations,” in Mark Solovey and Hamilton Cravens, eds., Cold War Social Science: Knowledge Production, Liberal Democracy, and Human Nature, (New York, 2012), 79–95; Jewett, Science, Democracy, and the American University, 109–223; Roger Backhouse and Philippe Fontaine, eds., The History of the Social Sciences since 1945 (New York, 2010); Katznelson, Desolation and Enlightenment, 121–51.

³⁹ Jewett, Science, Democracy, and the American University, 232; and Andrew Jewett, “Naturalizing Liberalism in the 1950s,” in Neil Gross and Solon Simmons, eds., Professors and Their Politics (Baltimore, 2014), 191–216; Robert Booth Fowler, Believing Skeptics: American Political Intellectuals, 1945–1964 (Westport, 1978); David A. Hollinger, “The Defense of Democracy and Robert K. Merton's Formulation of the Scientific Ethos,” in Hollinger, Science, Jews, and Secular Culture: Studies in Mid-Twentieth-Century American Intellectual History (Princeton, 1996), 80–96.

⁴⁰ David A. Hollinger, “Ethnic Diversity, Cosmopolitanism, and the Emergence of the American Liberal Intelligentsia,” in Hollinger, In the American Province: Studies in the History and Historiography of Ideas (Baltimore, 1985), 56–73; and Hollinger, “The Canon and Its Keepers: Modernism and Mid-Twentieth-Century American Intellectuals,” in ibid., 74–91; Dorothy Ross, ed., Modernist Impulses in the Human Sciences 1870–1930 (Baltimore, 1994); Lionel Trilling, “Freud: Within and beyond Culture,” in Trilling, Beyond Culture: Essays on Literature and Learning (New York, 1965), 89–118, at 103; Astradur Eysteinsson, The Concept of Modernism (Ithaca, 1990); Raymond Williams, The Politics of Modernism: Against the New Conformists (London, 1989).

⁴¹ David C. Engerman, “Social Science in the Cold War,” Isis 101/2 (2010), 393–400; Joel Isaac and Duncan Bell, eds., Uncertain Empire: American History and the Idea of the Cold War (New York, 2012); Solovey and Cravens, Cold War Social Science; Solovey, Shaky Foundations.

⁴² Abbott Gleason, Totalitarianism: The Inner History of the Cold War (New York, 1995), 64; Alpers, Dictators, Democracy and American Culture; Frank A. Warren, Liberals and Communism: The Red Decade Revisited (New York, 1993; first published 1966); Westbrook, John Dewey, 463–95; Agnes E. Meyer, “U.S. Radicals Cautioned to Revise Ideas,” Washington Post, 19 Dec. 1937, B3; David C. Engerman, Modernization from the Other Shore: American Intellectuals and the Romance of Russian Development (Cambridge, 2003); Adler, Les K. and Paterson, Thomas G., “Red Fascism: The Merger of Nazi Germany and Soviet Russia in the American Image of Totalitarianism, 1930s–1950s,” American Historical Review 75/4 (1970), 1046–64CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Gilman, Nils, “The Cold War as Intellectual Force Field,” Modern Intellectual History 13/2 (2016), 507–23CrossRefGoogle Scholar, at 514.

⁴³ William Kornhauser, “Mass Society,” in David L. Sills, ed., The International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences, vol. 10 (New York, 1968), 58–64; M. H. Abrams, Natural Supernaturalism: Tradition and Revolution in Romantic Literature (New York, 1971), 197–252, quotation about Schiller at 211; Shils, Edward, “The Theory of Mass Society, Preferatory Remarks,” Diogenes 10/39 (1962), 45–66CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Patrick Brantlinger, Bread and Circuses: Theories of Mass Culture as Social Decay (Ithaca, 1983), 30; Macdonald, Dwight, “A Theory of Mass Culture,” Diogenes 1/3 (1953), 1–17CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Dorothy Ross, “Progress: History of the Idea,” in Wright, International Encyclopedia of the Social and Behavioral Sciences, 19: 123–8; Ross, Dorothy, “American Modernities: Past and Present,” American Historical Review 116/3 (2011), 702–14CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

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⁴⁶ Lionel Trilling, The Liberal Imagination, with Introduction by Louis Menand (New York, 2008; first published 1950), xvii, xx, 9; Kimmage, Michael, The Conservative Turn: Lionel Trilling, Whittaker Chambers, and the Lessons of Anti-Communism (Cambridge, 2009)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Brick, Howard, Daniel Bell and the Decline of Intellectual Radicalism: Social Theory and Political Reconciliation in the 1940s (Madison, 1986), 19Google Scholar.

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⁴⁸ Bendix, Reinhard, Max Weber: An Intellectual Portrait (New York, 1960), 458–78Google Scholar, esp. 464; Haney, The Americanization of Social Science, 68–87.

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⁵⁰ Gilman, “The Cold War as Intellectual Force Field”; Ciepley, Liberalism in the Shadow of Totalitarianism, 1–3.

⁵¹ Bell, “Social Politics in a Transoceanic World,” 244; Schlesinger, Vital Center, 182–8.

⁵² Glickman, Lawrence B., Free Enterprise: An American History (New Haven, 2019), 88CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Wall, Inventing the “American Way”, 11, original emphasis; Bell, “Social Politics in a Transoceanic World,” 185.

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