¹ Smith, David, H. G. Wells: Desperately Mortal (London, 1986), 58.Google Scholar

² On his influence see James, Simon, Maps of Utopia: H. G. Wells, Modernity and the End of Culture (Oxford, 2012), ix–x.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

³ Two important exceptions are Levitas, Ruth, “Back to the Future: Wells, Sociology, Utopia and Method,” Sociological Review 58/4 (2010), 530–47Google Scholar; Kumar, Krishan, “Wells and the So-Called Science of Sociology,” in Parrinder, Patrick and Rolfe, Christopher, eds., H. G. Wells under Revision (Toronto, 1990), 192–217Google Scholar. Neither adopts the interpretative line I pursue.

⁴ Wells, H. G., “The Contemporary Novel” (1912), in Wells, An Englishman Looks at the World (London, 1914), 148–70, at 160Google Scholar. Wells wrote to Balfour, praising his skepticism: Wells to Balfour, 26 Aug. 1904, in The Correspondence of H. G. Wells, ed. David Smith, 4 vols. (London, 1998), 2: 41.

⁵ Wells, “The Contemporary Novel,” 161–2.

⁶ Wells, H. G., First and Last Things: A Confession of Faith and Rule of Life (London, 1908), 7, 10.Google Scholar

⁷ Wells, “The Contemporary Novel,” 163. For his earliest sustained account of nominalism see Wells, H. G., “The Rediscovery of the Unique” (1891), in H. G. Wells: Early Writings in Science and Science Fiction, ed. Philmus, Robert and Hughes, David (Berkeley, 1975), 22–31.Google Scholar On the nature and importance of historical debates over nominalism see Wells, The Outline of History, ed. W. Wagar, 2 vols. (New York, 2004; first published 1920), 2: 210–17.

⁸ Huxley, T. H., “Prolegomena” (1894), in T. H. Huxley's “Evolution and Ethics”, ed. Paradis, James and Williams, George (Princeton, 1989), 59–104Google Scholar, and Huxley, “Evolution and Ethics” (1893), in ibid., 104–45. See also Paradis, James, T. H. Huxley: Man's Place in Nature (Lincoln, 1978)Google Scholar; Hale, Piers, Political Descent: Malthus, Mutualism, and the Politics of Evolution in Victorian England (Chicago, 2014)CrossRefGoogle Scholar, chap. 5.

⁹ H. G. Wells, “Human Evolution, an Artificial Process” (1896), in H. G. Wells: Early Writings, 211–19.

¹⁰ Duncan Bell, “Pragmatism and Prophecy: H. G. Wells and the Metaphysics of Socialism,” American Political Science Review (forthcoming).

¹¹ Wells, H. G., A Modern Utopia, ed. Claeys, Gregory (London, 2005; first published 1905), xxxi.Google Scholar

¹² For a discussion of Schiller see Wells, H. G., “Scepticism of the Instrument,” Mind 13/51 (1904), 379–93CrossRefGoogle Scholar, at 381; Wells, First and Last Things, 31. On Schiller's thought see Porrovecchio, Mark J., Schiller, F. C. S. and the Dawn of Pragmatism: The Rhetoric of a Philosophical Rebel (Boulder, 2011)Google Scholar; Skodo, Admir, “Eugenics and Pragmatism: F. C. S. Schiller's Philosophical Politics,” Modern Intellectual History 14/3 (2015), 661–87.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

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¹⁴ Schiller to Wells, 1 March 1908, Folder S-080, Wells Archive, University of Illinois. See also Schiller to James, Aug. 1904, in Ignas Skrupskelis and Elizabeth Berkeley, eds., The Correspondence of William James, 12 vols. (Charlottesville, 2002), 10: 622.

¹⁵ Wells, First and Last Things, 14.

¹⁶ J. Graham Brooks, writing to H. G. Wells (5 Sept. 1920), quoted in Hardy, “H. G. Wells and William James,” 131.

¹⁷ James to Wells, 4 Dec. 1906, in Correspondence of William James, 11: 290.

¹⁸ James to Wells, 28 Nov. 1906, in Correspondence of William James, 12: 126.

¹⁹ I elaborate on this conception of tradition in Bell, Duncan, “What Is Liberalism?”, Political Theory 42/6 (2014), 682–715CrossRefGoogle Scholar, and further discuss its application to Wells in “Pragmatism and Prophecy.”

²⁰ Wells, “The Contemporary Novel,” 163.

²¹ Wells, First and Last Things, 35.

²² Schiller, F. C. S., “Axioms as Postulates,” in Sturt, Henry, ed., Personal Idealism (Oxford, 1902), 47–134Google Scholar. Wells praises this essay in “Scepticism of the Instrument,” 381, 393.

²³ Wells, First and Last Things, 43.

²⁴ Ibid., 44.

²⁵ See Bell, “Pragmatism and Prophecy,” for further discussion of the pragmatist dimensions of his socialism.

²⁶ Wells, First and Last Things, 197.

²⁷ Wells, A Modern Utopia, 20–21.

²⁸ Wells, H. G., The New Machiavelli, ed. James, Simon (London, 2005; first published 1911), 174, original emphasisGoogle Scholar. For an interesting reading of the novel see Somos, Mark, “A Century of ‘Hate and Coarse Thinking’: Anti-Machiavellian Machiavellism in H. G. Wells’ The New Machiavelli (1911),” History of European Ideas 37/2 (2011), 137–52CrossRefGoogle Scholar. Pragmatism is mentioned briefly in some of Wells's other novels, including Marriage (New York, 1912), 501.

²⁹ For a transnational overview see Porter, Theodore and Ross, Dorothy, eds., The Cambridge History of Science, vol. 7, part 2 (Cambridge, 2003)Google Scholar.

³⁰ Soffer, Reba, “Why Do Disciplines Fail? The Strange Case of British Sociology,” English Historical Review 97/385 (1982), 767–802CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Collini, Stefan, Liberalism and Sociology: L. T. Hobhouse and Political Argument in England, 1880–1914 (Cambridge, 1983).Google Scholar

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³³ Wells to Mudie-Smith, 6 Feb. 1904, in The Correspondence of H. G. Wells, 2: 8. Initially, the papers of the society were published in three hardbound volumes of Sociological Papers (London, 1905–7), published by Macmillan. In 1908 a regular journal, the Sociological Review, was founded.

³⁴ Wells to Branford, [May?] 1905, Foundations of British Sociology Archive (FBS), Keele University, GB 172. The Martin Wight chair was initially shared by Hobhouse and Edward Westermarck.

³⁵ Wells to Balfour, 10 May 1905, in The Correspondence of H. G. Wells, 2: 72. Wells made a case for the state endowment of “talent” in Mankind in the Making (London, 1903), chap. 10.

³⁶ See [Lewis Mumford?], “H. G. Wells,” memo, FBS papers, GB 172 LP/11/1/2. In January 1905 Wells became an associate of the Institut international de sociologie.

³⁷ Sociological Papers, 1: 284.

³⁸ Halliday, R. J., “The Sociological Movement, the Sociological Society, and the Genesis of Academic Sociology in Britain,” Sociological Review 16/3 (1968), 377–98CrossRefGoogle Scholar. For a sympathetic account of Hobhouse see Scott, John, “Leonard Hobhouse as a Social Theorist,” Journal of Classical Sociology 16/4 (2016), 349–68CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

³⁹ Wells, Mankind in the Making, 37–40; Sociological Papers, 1: 58–60.

⁴⁰ Branford, Victor, “Science and Citizenship,” American Journal of Sociology 11/6 (1906), 721–61, at 756CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Wells, Anticipations, chap. 2.

⁴¹ On the role of idealism see Collini, Liberalism and Sociology; Harris, Jose, “Political Thought and the Welfare State 1870–1940,” Past and Present 135/1 (1992), 116–41CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Den Otter, Sandra, British Idealism and Social Explanation: A Study in Late Victorian Thought (Oxford, 1996)CrossRefGoogle Scholar. For an attack on “absolute idealism” see Wells, “Scepticism of the Instrument,” 386–88.

⁴² Branford to Wells, 6 May 1905, FBS papers.

⁴³ Wells to Branford, 25 March, 9 May, 17 Oct., ? Oct., 1905; Branford to Wells, 9 Nov. 1905, FBS papers.

⁴⁴ H. G. Wells, “The So-Called Science of Sociology,” in Wells, An Englishman Looks at the World, 192–207, at 192.

⁴⁵ Ibid., 194.

⁴⁶ Durkheim, Émile, “On the Relation of Sociology to the Social Sciences and to Philosophy,” in Sociological Papers, 1: 195–204.Google Scholar

⁴⁷ Chesterton, G. K., The Napoleon of Notting Hill (London, 1904), 15Google Scholar.

⁴⁸ Wells, First and Last Things, 36.

⁴⁹ Wells, “The So-Called Science,” 195, 196.

⁵⁰ Ibid., 199.

⁵¹ Ibid., 198. Wells suggested that Darwin did not follow the scientific method, as conventionally understood (ibid., 198). On this intriguing claim see Kumar, “Wells and the So-Called Science,” 214–15 n.

⁵² Wells, “The So-Called Science,” 197.

⁵³ Ibid., 197.

⁵⁴ Wells, First and Last Things, 41; Wells, “The So-Called Science,” 200. See also the summary in Wells, H. G., An Experiment in Autobiography, vol. 2 (London, 2008; first published 1934), 657–8.Google Scholar

⁵⁵ Wells, “The So-Called Science,” 199–201, 201.

⁵⁶ Wells, New Worlds, 221–2.

⁵⁷ Wells, A Modern Utopia, 61, 62. Conversely, he attacked (unnamed) contemporary economists who refused to generalize and were left “wallowing in a mud of statistics” (63). He cited Giddings's Principles of Sociology and Bagehot's Economic Studies as valuable correctives. For further criticisms of political economy, see Wells, H. G., The Future in America: A Search after Realities (London, 1906), 18.Google Scholar

⁵⁸ Wells, New Worlds, 222. He argued that Marx inherited many of their conceptual problems (224–5, 229–30).

⁵⁹ Ibid., 223.

⁶⁰ Wells, A Modern Utopia, 61.

⁶¹ Durkheim, “On the Relation,” 197–8.

⁶² Wells, “The So-Called Science,” 192, 202. For further critiques of Spencer see Wells, A Modern Utopia, 38; Wells, New Worlds, 112.

⁶³ Wells, “The So-Called Science,” 193. See also Wells, A Modern Utopia, 184, 213; Wells, First and Last Things, 40. Frederic Harrison, the leading British positivist, declared that Wells (and Shaw and Chesterton), could “hardly be accepted as ‘the sources’ of scientific sociology.” Frederic Harrison, review of C. Masterman, The Condition of England, Sociological Review 2/3 (1909), 396. Wells would have concurred.

⁶⁴ As Martha Vogeler notes, here Wells mischaracterized Comte. Martha Vogeler, “Wells and Positivism” in Parrinder and Rolfe, Wells under Revision, 181–91, at 185.

⁶⁵ Wells, “The So-Called Science,” 194. McLean, Steven, The Early Fiction of H. G. Wells: Fantasies of Science (Basingstoke, 2009), 190–92CrossRefGoogle Scholar, argues that Wells's ideas about competition were influenced by Spencer. However, such ideas were common in Victorian evolutionary debate, whilst Wells's critiques of Spencer's philosophy, biology and politics were frequent and scathing.

⁶⁶ H. G. Wells, “The Age of Specialisation,” in Wells, An Englishman Looks at the World, 240–45, at 244.

⁶⁷ Wells, The Future in America, 101–2.

⁶⁸ For a discussion of Wells's shifting views on the prophetic mission (“the anticipatory habit”) see Wells, The Future in America, chap. 1; Patrick Parrinder, Shadows of the Future: H. G. Wells, Science Fiction and Prophecy (Liverpool, 1995), chap. 2.

⁶⁹ James to Wells, 6 June 1905, in Correspondence of William James, 11: 56; James to Wells, 15 April 1908, in ibid., 12: 8.

⁷⁰ Wells, “The So-Called Science,” 201.

⁷¹ Ibid., 203. So too were Atkinson's Primal Law, Andrew Lang's Social Origins, even Gibbon's Decline and Fall and Carlyle's The French Revolution, though the latter two displayed a “greater insistence upon the dramatic and picturesque elements in history” (203).

⁷² Wells, “The So-Called Science,” 206.

⁷³ Ibid., 204.

⁷⁴ Ibid., 205. See also Wells, A Modern Utopia, 217.

⁷⁵ Wells, A Modern Utopia, 218, 224. On fin de siècle racial discourses see Lorimer, Douglas, Science, Race Relations and Resistance: Britain, 1870–1914 (Manchester, 2013).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

⁷⁶ Wells, Nature, 19 Dec. 1907, 149.

⁷⁷ Wells, “Race Prejudice,” The Independent 62 (14 Feb. 1907), 381–4, at 382. Wells was reviewing Jean Finot's Race Prejudice and Sydney Olivier's White Capital and Colored Labour. The Independent had been founded in New York by Congregationalists.

⁷⁸ For examples see Wells, Anticipations, 54, 63, 137; Wells, Mankind in the Making 127; Wells, A Modern Utopia, 32, 138. David Smith claims in The Correspondence of H. G. Wells, 2: 202, “There is less racism in the writings of Wells than virtually anyone in public life at that time.”

⁷⁹ Wells, A Modern Utopia, 215, 216–17, 219.

⁸⁰ Ibid., 219.

⁸¹ For a later reiteration of this point, in the context of the rise of Fascism, see Wells, H. G., The Work, Wealth and Happiness of Mankind (London, 1932), 68–9.Google Scholar

⁸² Wells, Anticipations, 124, 123.

⁸³ Wells, A Modern Utopia, 218. For further criticism of this “pretentious rubbish” see Wells, “Race Prejudice,” 383. On Müller see Arvidsson, Stefan, Indo-European Mythology as Ideology and Science (Chicago, 2006).Google Scholar

⁸⁴ Burrow, John, Collini, Stefan and Winch, Donald, That Noble Science of Politics (Cambridge, 1983)Google Scholar, chap. 7; Adcock, Robert, Liberalism and the Emergence of American Political Science (Oxford, 2014)Google Scholar, chap. 5; Bell, Duncan, Reordering the World: Essays on Liberalism and Empire (Princeton, 2016)Google Scholar, chap. 13; Den Otter, Sandra, “The Origins of a Historical Political Science in Late Victorian and Edwardian Britain,” in Adcock, Robert, Bevir, Mark and Stimson, Shannon, ed.s, Modern Political Science: Anglo-American Exchanges since 1880 (Princeton, 2007), 37–65.Google Scholar

⁸⁵ Wells, A Modern Utopia, 218. On the “mania for Teutonism” see Mander, Peter, The English National Character (London, 2006), 86–105.Google Scholar

⁸⁶ Wells, A Modern Utopia, 219.

⁸⁷ Deniker, Joseph, The Races of Man: An Outline of Anthropology and Ethnography (London, 1900).Google Scholar

⁸⁸ Wells, A Modern Utopia, 220, 23. See also First and Last Things, 67.

⁸⁹ Wells, A Modern Utopia, 220, 221, 222.

⁹⁰ Ibid., 223, 222; Hutchinson, H., Gregory, J. and Lydekker, R., The Living Races of Mankind (New York, 1902)Google Scholar. On the context of the book, and Wells's use of empathy, see Lydon, Jane, “H. G. Wells and a Shared Humanity: Photography, Humanitarianism and Empire,” History Australia 12/1 (2015), 75–94.CrossRefGoogle Scholar For the complexity of encounters with difference see Qureshi, Sadiah, Peoples on Parade: Exhibitions, Empire and Anthropology in Nineteenth-Century Britain (Chicago, 2016).Google Scholar

⁹¹ Wells, The Future in America, 176. The chapter was originally published as “The Tragedy of Color,” Harper's Weekly, 15 Sept. 1906.

⁹² Du Bois, W. E. B., The Souls of Black Folk: Essays and Sketches (Chicago, 1903)Google Scholar, chap. 3. In Darkwater: Voices from within the Veil (New York, 1920), 59, Du Bois invoked Wells as a sympathetic anti-imperialist. In an obituary in the Chicago Defender, 1 Dec. 1945, quoted in Correspondence of W. E. B. Du Bois, vol. 3, ed. Herbert Aptheker (Amherst, 1997), 93 n., he called Wells a “great genius.”

⁹³ Wells, The Future in America, 176. For a sympathetic portrait of Washington see Norrell, Robert J., Up from History: The Life of Booker T. Washington (Cambridge, MA, 2011)Google Scholar. On Du Bois as a founding figure of sociology see Morris, Aldon, The Scholar Denied: W. E. B. Du Bois and the Birth of Modern Sociology (Berkeley, 2015).Google Scholar

⁹⁴ Wells, The Future in America, 177. Thirty years later Wells argued that nominalism should be taught in schools. Wells, Work, Wealth and Happiness, 68–69.

⁹⁵ Wells, The Future in America, 169, 170.

⁹⁶ Ibid., 169, 171, 177.

⁹⁷ “Afterword: A Conversation between Cornel West and Bill E. Lawson,” in Koch, Donald and Lawson, Bill, eds., Pragmatism and the Problem of Race (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2004), 225–31, at 225.Google Scholar For reaffirmation of the claim see Sullivan, Shannon, “Race,” in Pihlström, Sami, ed., The Bloomsbury Companion to Pragmatism (London: Bloomsbury, 2011), 183–91.Google Scholar

⁹⁸ On Schiller see Skodo, “Eugenics and Pragmatism.” For an account of James's scattered writings see Cormier, Harvey, “William James on Nation and Race,” in Kautzer, Chad and Mendieta, Eduardo, eds., Pragmatism, Nation, and Race: Community in the Age of Empire (Bloomington, 2009), 142–62.Google Scholar

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¹⁰¹ Kallen, Horace, “Democracy versus the Melting Pot,” The Nation 100/2590 (Feb. 1915), 190–94, 217–20Google Scholar; Coit, Stanton, The Soul of America: A Constructive Essay in the Sociology of Religion (New York, 1914), 50–2, 64.Google Scholar On Wells's anti-Semitism see Cheyette, Bryan, Constructions of “the Jew” in English Literature and Society: Racial Representations, 1875–1945 (Cambridge, 1995)Google Scholar, chap. 4.

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¹⁰⁴ Archer, Through Afro-America, 198 ff.

¹⁰⁵ Wells, “Race Prejudice,” 384. On Olivier see Mariz, George, “Sydney Olivier: Empire and Utopia,” Utopian Studies 1 (1987), 61–78Google Scholar; Francis Lee, Fabianism and Colonialism: The Life and Political Thought of Lord Sydney Olivier (London, 1988).

¹⁰⁶ Wells, Anticipations, 163.

¹⁰⁷ Wells, “Race Prejudice,” 383. See also Wells, Mankind in the Making, 26.

¹⁰⁸ Wells, “Race Prejudice,” 383

¹⁰⁹ Wells, Anticipations, 163.

¹¹⁰ Ibid., 168.

¹¹¹ Ibid., 177.

¹¹² Ibid., 158.

¹¹³ For a high-profile example see Saleeby, Caleb, Parenthood and Race Culture: An Outline of Eugenics (New York, 1910), 15–16Google Scholar, 48–50, 55. Schiller, an ardent eugenicist, also criticized Wells's skepticism: Schiller to Wells, 23 Nov. 1903, Wells papers.

¹¹⁴ Wells, A Modern Utopia, 50. On the notable shift in his views on eugenics see Partington, John, Building Cosmopolis: The Political Thought of H. G. Wells (Farnham, 2003), 54–63Google Scholar; Partington, “Revising Anticipations: Wells on Race and Class, 1901 to 1905,” Undying Fire 4 (2005), 31–44.

¹¹⁵ Wells, A Modern Utopia, 224-5.

¹¹⁶ For further discussion, see Bell, “Imagining the World State.”

¹¹⁷ Wells, Anticipations, chap. 8; Wells, Mankind in the Making, vii.

¹¹⁸ Wells, The Future in America, 123; H. G. Wells, “The American Population,” in Wells, An Englishman Looks at the World, 275–329.

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¹²³ Wells, letter to Fortnightly Review, ? September 1905, in The Correspondence of H. G. Wells, 2: 81, 79.

¹²⁴ Sociological Papers, 3: 373–4.

¹²⁵ Sociological Papers, 3: 371–2

¹²⁶ Sociological Papers, 3: 371–2, 375, 370–71, 374–5, 376. For a later response, acknowledging the diversity of sociology but, contra Wells, insisting that it could be scientific, see Rivers, W. H. R., “Sociology and Psychology,” Sociological Review 9 (1916), 1–13, at 2.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

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¹⁴⁴ Wiener, Martin, Between Two Worlds: The Political Thought of Graham Wallas (Oxford, 1971), 77–8, 107–8.Google Scholar He appears as Willersley in The New Machiavelli.

¹⁴⁵ Wallas to Wells, 10 Nov. 1907, Wells papers.

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¹⁴⁸ Lippmann, A Preface to Politics (New York, 1913). On Wallas's role in the early years of the discipline see Gunnell, John, Imagining the American Polity: Political Science and the Discourse of Democracy (Philadelphia, 2004), 114–16Google Scholar; Ross, Dorothy, The Origins of American Social Science (Cambridge, 1991), 452–3.Google Scholar

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¹⁵⁰ Coker, Francis, Recent Political Thought (New York, 1934), 101–2, 121, 145, 333, 352.Google Scholar While often critical of Wells, William Walling, the prominent American socialist, nevertheless drew on him when comparing British socialism and American progressivism. William Walling, Progressivism—and After (New York, 1914), xxv–vii, 28–9, 241. See also his Socialism as It Is (New York, 19192), xi–xii, 3, 62–3, 155–60, 296, 325.

¹⁵¹ James to Wells, 4 Dec. 1906, in Correspondence of William James, 11: 290.

¹⁵² For a particularly positive example see the review by Auerbach, Jeffrey in North American Review 184/608 (1907), 292–301.Google Scholar

¹⁵³ Wells, The Future in America, 140. He reiterated the argument in New Worlds for Old, 111, 245.

¹⁵⁴ Merriam, American Political Ideas, 386–7; Finer, Herman, Foreign Governments at Work (Oxford, 1921), 16Google Scholar; Vincent, G. E., “The State University in America,” Sociological Review 9/1 (1916), 40–44, at 44CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Mecklin, J. M., An Introduction to Social Ethics: The Social Conscience in a Democracy (New York, 1920), 9, 429Google Scholar; Hocking, William, Morale and Its Enemies (New York, 1918), 80–82CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Wallas, Human Nature and Politics, 192.

¹⁵⁵ Coker, Francis, Readings in Political Philosophy (New York, 1914), xiii.Google Scholar

¹⁵⁶ Droppers, Garrett, “Sense of the State,” Journal of Political Economy 15/2 (1907), 109–12, at 112.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

¹⁵⁷ Vincent, “Inaugural Address,” Science 34/883 (1911), 733–42, at 734.

¹⁵⁸ Clayton, Bruce, Forgotten Prophet: The Life of Randolph Bourne (Columbia, 1984), 70, 75, 101, 137–8, 238.Google Scholar

¹⁵⁹ Croly, Herbert, The Promise of American Life (Princeton, 2014), 4Google Scholar; Wells, The Future in America, 21.

¹⁶⁰ Lippmann, A Preface to Politics, 118–20 (see also 10, 53, 111, 179–80); Lippmann, Walter, “Taking a Chance” (1915), in Lippmann, Force and Ideas: The Early Writings (London, 2000), 97–100, at 97Google Scholar. Wells is also discussed in Lippmann's Drift and Mastery: An Attempt to Diagnose the Current Unrest (New York, 1914), 286–7, 289–90, 318, and Public Opinion (New York, 1921), 140–41, 232.

¹⁶¹ Wyck Brooks, Van, The World of H. G. Wells (New York, 1915), 178.Google Scholar

¹⁶² Radcliffe, S. K., “Sociology in the English Novel,” Sociological Review 3 (1910), 126–36, at 134.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

¹⁶³ Partington, Building Cosmopolis. See also Rosenboim, Or, The Emergence of Globalism: Visions of World Order in Britain and the United States, 1939–1950 (Princeton, 2016)Google Scholar, chap. 7; Bell, “Imagining the World State.”