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THE POSITIVIST UNIVERSALISM AND REPUBLICANISM OF THE YOUNG TURKS*

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  10 February 2017

BANU TURNAOĞLU
BANU TURNAOĞLU*
Affiliation:
Department of Politics and International Studies, University of Cambridge E-mail: [email protected]
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Abstract

This article explores positivist universalism, one of the central aspects of contemporary approaches in political theory, through the study of the Young Turks’ political thought. Current scholarship portrays the Young Turks as champions of a national cause, limited to overthrowing despotism and relaunching the Constitution of 1876 in the Ottoman Empire. This neglects their broader aim to guarantee peace, order, and progress, both at home and abroad, by adopting Comtean universal positivism, and it distorts their vision of society, politics, and history. From their base in Paris the Young Turks challenged the Eurocentric conception of universalism, suggesting a more egalitarian and comprehensive conception that has yet to be recognized. This article shows that, transcending the conventional boundaries between Western and non-Western political thought, the Young Turks’ political ideology presents an early example of the formation of a modern, pluralist worldview, and that their core conceptions had a deep impact on the founding of Turkish republicanism.

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Articles
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Modern Intellectual History , Volume 14 , Issue 3 , November 2017 , pp. 777 - 805
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Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2017 

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Footnotes

*

I would like to thank Professor John Dunn, Professor M. Şükrü Hanioğlu, Dr Şuhnaz Yılmaz, and Dr Isabel DiVanna for their invaluable comments on this article; Fabio Boni and Anouk Bottero for their help with translating French texts; Selahattin Öztürk for his help with procuring the archival material and transcribing Ottoman texts; and the Modern Intellectual History editors and anonymous reviewers for their feedback.

References

1 “Young Turks” (Les jeunes Turcs) refers to an Ottoman opposition movement in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, composed of various groups: Ottoman exiles, intellectuals, army officers, and students. In 1895, the Ottoman Committee of Union and Progress (CUP) branded its journal Mechveret supplément français as the “Organe de la Jeune Turquie.” From this, the expression became more widely used by both members of the CUP and the public. This article focuses on the political thinking of the Young Turk movement from 1895 until the Young Turk Revolution of 1908.

2 See, for example, Fındıkoğlu, Z. Fahri, Auguste Comte ve Ahmet Rıza (Istanbul, 1962)Google Scholar; Karpat, Kemal, Elites and Religion from Ottoman Empire to Turkish Republic (İstanbul, 2010)Google Scholar; Korlaelçi, Murtaza, Pozitivizmin Türkiye'ye Girişi ve İlk Etkileri (İstanbul, 2002)Google Scholar.

3 Since surviving texts do not exist in one cohesive collection, this study demanded a full survey of available literature—including unused original texts. The consulted archives were (in İstanbul) ISAM (Center for Islamic Studies), Atatürk Kütüphanesi, and Beyazıt Devlet Kütüphanesi, and in Paris La maison d'Auguste Comte and the Bibliothèque nationale de France.

4 Auguste Comte's Cours de Philosophie Positive was published between 1830 and 1842. Following this, in England, John Stuart Mill published A System of Logic (1843) and Auguste Comte and Positivism (1866). In Germany, Ernst Mach's Die Mechanik in ihrer Entwicklung (Science of Mechanics) appeared in 1883. See Harré, Rom, “Positivist Thought in the Nineteenth Century,” in Baldwin, Thomas, ed., The Cambridge History of Philosophy 1870–1945 (Cambridge, 2003), 13–15 Google Scholar.

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43 Halil Ganem was an influential Lebanese leader of the Turkish–Syrian Committee, which merged with the Committee of Union and Progress in 1895. He published a journal, La jeune Turquie, in Şükrü Hanioğlu, Paris. M., “The Young Turks and the Arabs before the Revolution of 1908,” in Khalidi, Rashid, ed., The Origins of Arab Nationalism (New York, 1991), 36–7Google Scholar.

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48 Ahmed Rıza, “Les positivistes et la politique internationale,” Mechveret 19 (15 Sept. 1898), 6.

49 “Banquet de la jeune Turquie,” Mechveret 26 (1 Jan. 1897), 3.

50 Ahmed Rıza, “İhtilal,” Meşveret 29 (15 Jan. 1898), 2.

51 Rıza, Ahmed, “Kadın,” in Gündüz, Mustafa and Bardak, Musa, eds., Ahmet Rıza Bey ve “Vazife ve Mesuliyet” Eserleri (Ankara, 2011 Google Scholar; first published 1908), 139.

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53 The Tanzimat (“reordering”) (1839–76) was the extensive reform and westernization movement of the nineteenth-century Ottoman Empire, which aimed at integrating with the “Concert of Europe.” Various reforms ranging from education to the military, finance, and administration were undertaken in this period.

54 Ahmed Rıza, “Kadın,” 113–52. He drew inspiration from Comte on women. For more on Comte's ideas on women's roles in the family see Pickering, Mary, “New Evidence of the Link between Comte and German Philosophy,” Journal of the History of Ideas 50/3, (1989), 441–63CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

55 Ahmed Rıza, “Hükümetsizlik,” Meşveret 17 (21 Aug. 1896), 1.

56 Ahmed Rıza, “İcmal-i Ahval,” Meşveret 19 (20 Sept. 1896), 1–2.

57 Ahmed Rıza, “Mukaddime,” in Gündüz and Bardak, Ahmet Rıza Bey ve “Vazife ve Mesuliyet” Eserleri, 40.

58 Ahmed Rıza, “Ben mi Aldaniyorum Padişah mı Aldanıyor,” Meşveret 25 (8 Oct. 1897), 1.

59 Şerif Mardin, Jön Türklerin Siyasi Fikirleri, 1895–1908 (İstanbul, 2011), 193.

60 Cited in Şerif Mardin, Religion, Society, and Modernity in Turkey (New York, 2006), 171. See Ahmed Rıza, La revue occidentale, 2nd series 3 (1891), 116.

61 Fuad, “Indépendence et integrite de l'Empire Ottoman,” Mechveret 14 (1 July 1896), 3; Ahmed Rıza, “Confusion de pouvoirs en Turqui,” Mechveret 2 (15 Dec. 1895), 1.

62 Ahmed Rıza, “İhtilal,” 2.

63 Ahmed Rıza, “Le Sultan et les princes,” Mechveret, 1 Sept. 1905, 1.

64 Rıza, Ahmed, Vatanın Hâline ve Maarif-i Umûmiyenin Islahına Dair Sultan Abdülhâmid Han-ı Sânî Hazretlerine Takdim Kılınan Altı Lâyihadan Birinci Lâyiha (London: Imprimerie internationale, 1895), 17 Google Scholar. This text was an advice treatise, addressing the Sultan.

65 For the reference to Condorcet see “Asker,” in Gündüz and Bardak, Ahmet Rıza Bey ve “Vazife ve Mesuliyet” Eserleri, 91.

66 Halil Ganem, “La Constitution et le peuple Ottoman,” Mechveret, 15 Sept. 1889, 4.

67 “La politique du Sultan,” Mechveret 8 (1 April 1896), 1. This article appeared in Justice on 29 March 1896.

68 Fuad, “Indépendence et integrite,” 3; Ahmed Rıza, “Confusion de pouvoirs en Turqui,” Mechveret 2 (15 Dec. 1895), 1.

69 “Mukaddime,” Meşveret 1 (1 Jan. 1895), 1.

70 Ahmed Rıza, La crise de l'Orient, 3.

71 Ahmed Rıza, “L'Orient à l'exposition II,” Mechveret 100 (1 July 1900), 4.

72 Fuad, “Patience!”, Mechveret 9 (15 April 1896), 1–2.

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78 Georges Clemenceau, “Pour faire plaisir au Sultan,” La dépèche, 14 April 1896, in Mechveret 9 (15 April 1896), 7.

79 Eduard Conte, “Le jeune Turquie,” Mechveret 9 (15 April 1896), 8.

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81 M. Şükrü Hanioğlu, Preparation for a Revolution: The Young Turks, 1902–1908 (Oxford, 2001), 39.

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88 Ibid., 104–5.

89 Ibid., 139.

90 Ibid., 164.

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92 Ibid.

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99 Ibid.

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104 Ahmed Rıza, “Mukaddime,” 40.

105 Ahmed Rıza, “Padişah,” 12–13.

106 Ahmed Rıza, “Laicisation du protectorat,” Mechveret 138 (1 Dec. 1904), 1–2.

107 Ahmed Rıza, Moral Bankruptcy, 213.

108 Kansu, Aykut, “20. Yüzyıl Başı Türk Düşünce Hayatında Liberalizm,” in Bora, Tanıl and Gültekin, Murat, eds., Tanzimat ve Meşrutiyetin Birikimi (İstanbul, 2006), 291 Google Scholar.

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115 Ahmed Rıza was preoccupied with the women's question and education. Upon his return to İstanbul he formed a committee, Sultanî İnas Cemiyeti, to launch the opening of schools for girls. In 1916 he initiated the opening of the school for girls, Adile Sultan İnas Mekteb-i Sultanisi (Adile Sultan Imperial Girls’ School), but this project was delayed due to the First World War. This school started functioning later and had its first graduates in 1920. See Ahmed Rıza, Anılar (İstanbul: Cumhuriyet Yayınları, 2001), 32.

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117 Ibid.

118 Ahmed Rıza, “Mukaddime,” 1.

119 Ibid., 40.

120 Ahmed Rıza, “Şehzâdeler,” 54.

121 Ahmed Rıza, “Padişah,” 47–50.

122 Ahmed Rıza, “Mukaddime,” 1.

123 Ahmed Rıza, Moral Bankruptcy, 138.

124 Cited in M. Şükrü Hanioğlu, “Private Papers of Ahmet Rıza (2),” in Hanioğlu, The Young Turks in Opposition (New York: Oxford University Press, 1995), 190.

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128 Fuad, “La diplomatie et la question d'Orient 2,” Mechveret 17 (15 Aug. 1896), 2.

129 Ahmed Rıza, “Panislamisme,” 28.

130 Ahmed Rıza, Moral Bankruptcy, 14, 29.

131 Ibid., 14.

132 Ibid., 27.

133 Ibid., 207.

134 Ibid.

135 Ibid., 209.

136 Ibid., 6.

137 Ibid., 214.

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142 Ibid., 9–10.

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147 Among them were Niyazi Bey and Karabekir, both of whom later became key influential figures during the formation of the republic. Sohrabi, Nader, Revolution and Constitutionalism in the Ottoman Empire and Iran (New York, 2011), 90 CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

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