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INDUCTION, DEDUCTION, AND JAMES MILL'S “GOVERNMENT”

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  27 November 2015

ANTIS LOIZIDES
ANTIS LOIZIDES*
Affiliation:
Department of Social and Political Sciences, University of Cyprus E-mail: [email protected]
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Extract

In his biography of James Mill, Alexander Bain made a number of claims with regard to Mill's essay “Government” (1820). First, the essay was a catalyst in the movement for reform, making “in all probability . . . our political history very different from what it might otherwise have been.” Second, the essay provided a unique opportunity for Mill to expound on “the whole theory of Government in a compact shape.” Third, as far as his “Logic of Politics” was concerned, Mill depended on the deductive method—the method of geometry—having quickly discarded the applicability of inductive logic in politics. In this article, I take issue with the last claim.

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Modern Intellectual History , Volume 15 , Issue 1 , April 2018 , pp. 33 - 61
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Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2015 

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References

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49 Mill, CPB, 1: 108v.

50 Mill, CPB, 1: 108r. Here, Mill was defending Stewart against Francis Jeffrey, via Hume, on the difference between observation and experimentation in mental sciences.

51 See, Mill, CPB, 1: 112v, 1: 165r, 5: 84–5. Mill did not ignore Condillac's opposition to Synthesis.

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62 Plato, Gorgias 463b. See Mill, CPB, 1: 108v, 112v, also 1: 106v, 1: 113r–v, 1: 162v–163r. J. S. Mill, “Definition of Political Economy” (1836), CW, 4: 312.

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84 See Ellis, Heather, Generational Conflict and University Reform: Oxford in the Age of Revolution (Leiden, 2012)CrossRefGoogle Scholar, chap. 2.

85 As Mill believed the universities, in the way Classics were taught (including Aristotle's Ethics and Politics), were trying to thwart rather than develop the ability to think for one's self, he may have meant the comment ironically. He thought the ancient universities to be “excellent schools of Priggism,” “prone to Toryism,” and part of the ecclesiastical establishment, whose “fixed creed and fixed forms” aimed “to keep the human mind where it is.” Mill, CPB, 3: 33; 5: 65r, original emphasis; Mill, Mackintosh, 31.

86 Mill, CPB, 3: 34. Mill quoted from Bernier, François, Evenemens particuliers dans les etats du grand Mogol (Claude Barbin, 1671), 64 Google Scholar; and referred to Copleston, Edward, A Reply to the calumnies of the Edinburgh Review against Oxford: containing an account of studies pursued in that university (Oxford, 1810), 23–30 Google Scholar.

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96 Campbell, Rhetoric, 84–5; Smith, Lectures, 146.

97 Dugald Stewart, Dissertation: Exhibiting the Progress of Metaphysical, Ethical, and Political Philosophy since the Revival of Letters in Europe, in Collected Works, 1: 3 n.

98 Dugald Stewart, Philosophy of the Active and Moral Powers, in Collected Works, 6: 134. Cf. Stewart, Lectures on Political Economy, in Collected Works, 9: 223.

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101 Mill, “Government,” 4.

102 D. Ricardo to J. Mill, 27 July 1820, in Works and Correspondence of David Ricardo, 8: 211. See also D. Ricardo to J. Mill, 30 Aug. 1823, in ibid., 9: 375; J. Mill to D. Ricardo, 13 Nov. 1820, in ibid., 8: 291.

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115 According to Aristotle, the full examination of some subjects is best left to the corresponding science itself (R 1359b17–20).

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121 Mill, “Government,” 3.

122 Ibid., 4–6.

123 Ibid., 16, also 9, 13, 19.

124 Mill, “Marsh and Others against Lancaster,” 90–91.

125 Mill, “Scott's Elements,” 572. Cf. Mill, Analysis, 1: 267–8.

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128 Mill, “Marsh and Others against Lancaster,” 74.

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130 It goes to show that a “complete,” scientific theory of politics needed to be explicit with its premises, since both premises were stated by John Stuart Mill in his own discussion of the method of politics. Mill, A System of Logic, CW, 7: 879, also 7: 371.

131 Anon., “Parliamentary Reform,” 314–15.

132 Mill, “Government,” 16.

133 Hamburger, “Mill on Universal Suffrage.” See further Fenn, Mill's Political Thought, Appendix I, Grint, “Mill's Commonplace Books,” chap. 2.

134 Howell, British Logic and Rhetoric, 259–60.

135 J. S. Mill, Autobiography, 211; J. S. Mill, A System of Logic, CW, 8: 893–4.

136 J. S. Mill, A System of Logic, CW, 8: 893; J. S. Mill, Autobiography, 165.

137 J. Mackintosh to M. Napier, 8 Jan. 1822, in Correspondence of the Late Macvey Napier, 34.

138 [Mackintosh, James], “Stewart's Introduction to the Encyclopaedia [II],” Edinburgh Review, 36/71 (1821), 220–67Google Scholar, at 241–2. Macaulay, “Mill on Government,” 188–9.

139 For the view that particular varieties may counteract more general laws see Mill, History, 1: xviii.

140 Mill, J. to Ricardo, D., 13 Nov. 1820, in Works and Correspondence of David Ricardo, 8: 291 Google Scholar; compare with J. Mill to J. R. McCulloch, 18 Aug. 1825, in Bain, James Mill, 292.

141 Mill, CPB, 2: 22r(d); cf. Aristotle, R 1355b2–7; and Hobbes, Leviathan, chap. 10. See also [Mill, James], “Fox's History of the Reign of James II,” Annual Review and History, 7 (1809), 101–2Google Scholar.

142 Mill, CPB, 5: 102v (on Quintilian, Institutio Oratoria, III.9.7).

143 Mill, CPB, 2: 7v(b4) on Aristotle, R 1355a38.

144 Mill, CPB, 2: 48ar(a3) on Aristotle, R 1395b30–39.