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² Shklar, Judith, Ordinary Vices (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1984), 4Google Scholar.

³ Benhabib, Seyla, “Judith Shklar's Dystopic Liberalism”, in Yack, Bernard, ed., Liberalism without Illusions: Essays on Liberal Theory and the Political Vision of Judith N. Shklar (Chicago: Chicago University Press, 1996), 55–63Google Scholar; Bernard Yack, “Liberalism without Illusions: An Introduction to Judith Shklar's Political Thought”, in ibid., 1–13.

⁴ For the intellectual history of European émigrés in the United States see e.g. Bailyn, Bernard and Fleming, Donald, eds., The Intellectual Migration: Europe and America 1930–1960 (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1969)Google Scholar; Jay, Martin, Permanent Exiles: Essays on Intellectual Migration from Germany to America (New York: Columbia University Press, 1986)Google Scholar; Heilbut, Anthony, Exiled in Paradise: German Refugee Artists and Intellectuals in America, from the 1930s to the present (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1997)Google Scholar; Palmier, Jean-Michel, Weimar in Exile: The Anti-Fascist Emigration in Europe and America, trans. Fernbach, David (London: Verso, 2006)Google Scholar.

⁵ Shklar, Judith, After Utopia: The Decline of Political Faith (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1957)CrossRefGoogle Scholar. For brief comments on this theme see Wolin, Sheldon S., “Review: After Utopia”, Natural Law Forum 5 (1960), 164Google Scholar; Nancy Rosenblum, “The Democracy of Everyday Life”, in Bernard Yack, Liberalism without Illusions, 29; Whelan, Frederick G., Hume and Machiavelli: Political Realism and Liberal Thought (Oxford: Lexington, 2004), 348Google Scholar.

⁶ Shklar, “The Liberalism of Fear”. 8.

⁷ John Dunn, “Hope over Fear”, in Yack, Liberalism without Illusions, 53.

⁸ Mueller, Jan-Werner, “Fear and Freedom: On ‘Cold War Liberalism’”, European Journal of Political Theory 7 (2008), 45CrossRefGoogle Scholar. Mueller argues that the liberalisms of Karl Popper, Raymond Aron and Isaiah Berlin are all varieties of the “liberalism of fear”.

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¹⁰ Mark Lilla, “Very Much a Fox”, Times Literary Supplement, 27 March 1998; cf. Flathman, Richard E., “Fraternal, But Not Always Sisterly: Negativity and Positivity in Liberal Theory”, Social Research 66 (1999), 1137–42Google Scholar.

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¹² Amy Gutmann, “How Limited Is Liberal Government?”, in Yack, Liberalism without Illusions, 78. Young, Shaun P., “Avoiding the Unavoidable? Judith Shklar's Unwilling Search for an Overlapping Consensus”, Res Publica 13 (2007), 231–53CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Michael Walzer, “On Negative Politics”, in Yack, Liberalism without Illusions, 23.

¹³ Shklar, Judith, “Injustice, Injury and Inequality: An Introduction”, in Lucash, Frank S, ed., Justice and Equality Here and Now (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1986), 14Google Scholar.

¹⁴ Ira Katznelson has suggested that Shklar can be understood as a later generation of what he has called the “Political Studies Enlightenment”. This accurately captures some aspects of Shklar's brand of liberalism and her relationship to history and social science. However, Shklar did not share the “elitist slope” of this group. What also differentiates her is her relationship to normative legal and political philosophy and its impact on her thought. Katznelson, Ira, Desolation and Enlightenment: Political Knowledge after Total War (New York: Columbia University Press, 2003), 46, 158–9CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

¹⁵ Shklar, “The Liberalism of Fear”, 8.

¹⁶ Judith Shklar, “What Is the Use of Utopia?”, in idem, Political Thought and Political Thinkers, 190.

¹⁷ Shklar, Judith, Men and Citizens: A Study of Rousseau's Social Theory (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1969), 41Google Scholar.

¹⁸ Cf. Young, Shaun P., Political Liberalism: Variations on a theme (New York: State University of New York Press, 2004), 13Google Scholar.

¹⁹ Popper, Karl, The Open Society and Its Enemies (London: Routledge, 2003; first published 1945)Google Scholar; Talmon, Jacob, “Utopianism and Politics”, in Kateb, George, ed., Utopia: The Potential and Prospect of the Human Condition (New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers, 2008)Google Scholar; On the differences between Strauss and Popper's anti-utopianism see Lane, Melissa, “Plato, Popper, Strauss, and Utopianism: Open Secrets?”, History of Philosophy Quarterly 16 (1999), 121Google Scholar. Cf. Schlesinger, Arthur M. Jr, The Vital Center (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co., 1949)Google Scholar.

²⁰ This first appeared in 1955 as Shklar's doctoral thesis, entitled “Fate and Futility: Two Themes in Contemporary Political Theory”. Cf. Shklar, “A Life of Learning”, in Yack, Liberalism without Illusions, 274.

²¹ Shklar, After Utopia, 65.

²² Ibid., viii, emphasis in the original.

²³ Ibid., 272.

²⁴ Ibid., viii, ix. For American intellectual and academic culture in the 1950s see Fowler, Robert Booth, Believing Skeptics (New York: Greenwood Press, 1978)Google Scholar; Bender, Thomas, “Politics, Intellect and the American University”, in Bender, Thomas and Schorske, Carl E., eds., American Academic Culture in Transformation: Fifty Years Forty Disciplines (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1998), 17–54Google Scholar.

²⁵ Wolin, “Review: After Utopia”, 164.

²⁶ Strauss, Leo, “What Is political philosophy?”, Journal of Politics 19 (1957), 346CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

²⁷ Shklar, “A Life of Learning”, 272.

²⁸ Berlin, Isaiah, “Does Political Theory Still Exist?”, in Laslett, Peter and Runciman, W. G., eds., Philosophy, Politics and Society (Second Series) (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1962), 33Google Scholar.

²⁹ Judith Shklar, “The Political Theory of Utopia: From Melancholy to Nostalgia”, in idem, Political Thought and Political Thinkers, 172.

³⁰ Shklar, Judith, Legalism: Law, Morals and Political Trials (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1964), 27Google Scholar. Cf. Watkins, Frederick M. and Kramnick, Isaac, The Age of Ideology (Englewood Cliffs, NJ.: Prentice Hall, 1964)Google Scholar. Watkins was Shklar's undergraduate mentor at McGill University.

³¹ Shklar, Judith, “Facing up to Intellectual Pluralism”, in Spitz, David, ed., Political Theory and Social Change (New York: Atherton, 1967), 285–7Google Scholar.

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³³ Shklar, Legalism, 66. Shklar criticized Strauss's account of the history of liberalism elsewhere, e.g., Shklar, “The Liberalism of Fear”, 6.

³⁴ Shklar, Judith, “Decisionism”, in NOMOS: Rational Decision 7 (1964), 17Google Scholar.

³⁵ See Gunnell, John, The Descent of Political Theory: The Genealogy of an American Vocation (Chicago: Chicago University Press, 1993), 247Google Scholar.

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³⁹ Shklar, After Utopia, 232; Shklar, Judith, “Introduction”, in idem, ed., Political Theory and Ideology (New York: Macmillan, 1966), 1–22Google Scholar. cf. e.g. Friedrich, Carl, Man and His Government: An Empirical Theory of Politics (New York: McGraw-Hill Book Co., 1963), 1–23Google Scholar; Friedrich, Carl, Constitutional Government and Democracy (Boston: Ginn, 1946)Google Scholar; Friedrich, Carl and Brzezinski, Zbigniew K., Totalitarian Dictatorship and Autocracy (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1956)Google Scholar; Friedrich, Carl, “Political Philosophy and the Science of Politics”, in Young, Roland, ed., Approaches to the Study of Politics (Evanston, IL: Northwestern University Press, 1958), 251–7Google Scholar.

⁴⁰ Shklar, Legalism, 124; Friedrich, Man and His Government, 1–4.

⁴¹ Cf. e.g. Schlesinger, Arthur M. Jr, The Vital Center (London: Andre Deutsch Ltd, 1970; first published 1949)Google Scholar; Parsons, Talcott, Bales, Robert and Shils, Edward, Working Papers in the Theory of Action, rev. and enl. edn (Glencoe, IL: Free Press, 1957; first published 1949)Google Scholar; Hofstadter, Richard, The American Political Tradition: And the Men Who Made It (New York: Knopf, 1948)Google Scholar; Bell, Daniel, The End of Ideology: On the Exhaustion of Political Ideas in the Fifties (New York: Free Press, 1960)Google Scholar. See also Gilman, Nils, Mandarins of the Future: Modernization Theory in Cold War America (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2003)Google Scholar; Brick, Howard, Transcending Capitalism: Visions of a New Society in Modern American Thought (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2006)Google Scholar. For an account of American political thought in the 1950s that situates Shklar's early work alongside Schlesinger and Bell see Stears, Marc, Demanding Democracy: American Radicals in Search of a New Politics (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2010), 121Google Scholar.

⁴² Shklar, “Ideology Hunting: The Case of James Harrington”, in idem, Political Thought and Political Thinkers, 235.

⁴³ Cf. e.g., Schlesinger, Arthur M. Jr, The Politics of Hope (London: Eyre & Spottiswoode Ltd, 1964)Google Scholar. See also Shklar's review of Schlesinger's The Cycles of American History: Judith Shklar, “Keeping the Founding Fathers’ Promises”, Times Literary Supplement, 13 March 1987, 267–8.

⁴⁴ Shklar, “The Political Theory of Utopia”, 172.

⁴⁵ Ibid., 164, original emphasis.

⁴⁶ Ibid., 166–7.

⁴⁷ Judith Shklar, “Hannah Arendt's Triumph”, New Republic, 27 Dec. 1975, 10.

⁴⁸ Shklar, “The Political Theory of Utopia”, 166.

⁴⁹ Shklar, Judith, “Foreword”, in Wolf Lepenies, Melancholy and Society (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1992), viiGoogle Scholar.

⁵⁰ Shklar, “The Political Theory of Utopia”, 167.

⁵¹ Robin, Corey, Fear: The History of a Political Idea (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004), 145Google Scholar.

⁵² Popper, Karl, The Poverty of Historicism (Oxford: Routledge, 2007; first published 1957), 73Google Scholar.

⁵³ Shklar, Political Theory and Ideology, 18. Shklar claimed that Popper's “medieval nominalism would make the writing of any sort of history impossible”. Shklar, “Ideology Hunting”, 240 n. 80.

⁵⁴ Allen, Jonathan, “Liberalism for Grown Ups”, Government and Opposition 33 (1998), 548Google Scholar.

⁵⁵ On the problem of causally relating totalitarian ideology to antecedent political thought, Shklar follows the discussion in Friedrich and Brzezinski, Totalitarian Dictatorship and Autocracy, 75–8, 80–88.

⁵⁶ Popper, Open Society, 56. Shklar, Judith, Freedom and Independence: A Study of the Political Ideas of Hegel's Phenomenology of Mind (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1976), xivGoogle Scholar.

⁵⁷ Shklar, Legalism, 27.

⁵⁸ Shklar, Political Theory and Ideology, 19.

⁵⁹ Ibid., 1.

⁶⁰ Ibid., 15; Hartz, Louis, The Liberal Tradition in America (New York: Harcourt, Brace and Co., 1955)Google Scholar.

⁶¹ Shklar, “Ideology Hunting”, 207. In this instance, Shklar's usage of the term “historicist” follows Popper's. Popper, The Poverty of Historicism, 3.

⁶² Shklar, Political Theory and Ideology, 13.

⁶³ Berlin, Isaiah, “The Decline of Utopian Ideas in the West”, in idem, The Crooked Timber of Humanity (London: John Murray Publishers, 1990), 40Google Scholar.

⁶⁴ Shklar, Ordinary Vices, 39.

⁶⁵ Shklar, Judith, “Hawthorne in Utopia”, in idem, Redeeming American Political Thought (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1998), 35Google Scholar.

⁶⁶ Judith Shklar, “An Education for America”, in idem, Redeeming American Political Thought, 72.

⁶⁷ Shklar, “Hawthorne in Utopia”, 35.

⁶⁸ Shklar, “Injustice, Injury and Inequality”, 14. Other political theorists and historians have dated the revival of political theory differently—or have argued that it never went away. Cf. e.g., Laslett, Peter and Runciman, W. G., eds., Philosophy, Politics and Society (Oxford, Basil Blackwell, 1967), 5, 1Google Scholar; Gunnell, John, Imagining the American Polity: Political Science and the Discourse of Democracy (University Park, PA: Pennsylvania State University Press, 2004), chap. 6Google Scholar; Rogers M. Smith, “Still Blowing in the Wind”, in Bender and Schorske, American Academic Culture in Transformation, 271–305; Adcock, Robert and Bevir, Mark, “The Remaking of Political Theory”, in Adcock, R., Bevir, M. and Stimson, S., eds., Modern Political Science: Anglo-American Exchanges Since 1880 (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2007), 209–33Google Scholar; Ball, Terence, “An Ambivalent Alliance: Political Science and American Democracy”, in Farr, James, Dryzek, John and Leonard, Stephen, eds., Political Science in History: Research Programs and Political Traditions (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995), 41–66Google Scholar.

⁶⁹ Shklar, “What is the Use of Utopia?”, 188.

⁷⁰ Ibid., 186.

⁷¹ Ibid., 188.

⁷² Rawls, John, The Law of Peoples (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1999), 11Google Scholar.

⁷³ Shklar, “What Is the Use of Utopia?”, 190.

⁷⁴ Judith Shklar, “Jean d'Alembert and the Rehabilitation of History”, in idem, Political Thought and Political Thinkers, 308, 306.

⁷⁵ For what little there is, see After Utopia, 65–80, 124–34, 164–85; idem, “Learning without Knowing”, in idem, Political Thought and Political Thinkers, 105–31.

⁷⁶ Shklar, “The Liberalism of Fear”, 9.

⁷⁷ On history in Rawls see Mueller, Jan-Werner, “Rawls, Historian: Remarks on Political Liberalism's “Historicism”, in Revue internationale de philosophie 60 (2006), 327–39Google Scholar; On Rawls's historical turn as exemplary of the increasing pervasiveness of contextualism in political theory more broadly see Kloppenberg, James T., “Why History Matters to Political Theory”, in idem, The Virtues of Liberalism (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998), 157Google Scholar.

⁷⁸ Judith Shklar, “Subversive Genealogies”, in idem, Political Thought and Political Thinkers, 133, 141.

⁷⁹ Ibid., 149.

⁸⁰ Ibid., 154.

⁸¹ Judith Shklar, “Rethinking the Past”, in idem, Political Thought and Political Thinkers, 353.

⁸² Ibid., 360.

⁸³ Ibid., 358.

⁸⁴ Judith Shklar, “Hannah Arendt as Pariah”, in idem, Political Thought and Political Thinkers, 366.

⁸⁵ Ibid., 371.

⁸⁶ Judith Shklar, review of Arendt, Hannah, Between Past and Future, History and Theory 2 (1963), 286Google Scholar.

⁸⁷ Judith Shklar and Julian Franklin, review of Skinner, Quentin, The Foundations of Modern Political Thought, Political Theory 7 (1979), 549Google Scholar; Shklar, “The Political Theory of Utopia”, 172.

⁸⁸ Judith Shklar, review of Taylor, Charles, Sources of the Self, Political Theory 19 (1991), 105Google Scholar.

⁸⁹ Ibid., 106.

⁹⁰ Shklar, “Learning without Knowing”, 108.

⁹¹ Ibid., 109. Shklar accused Ronald Dworkin's and Michael Walzer's works of similar flaws. Shklar, review of Dworkin, Ronald, Law's Empire, American Political Science Review 8 (1987), 261–2Google Scholar; Shklar, “The Work of Michael Walzer”, in idem, Political Thought and Political Thinkers, 381, 385.

⁹² Cf. Adcock and Bevir, “The Remaking of Political Theory”, 220 n. 30. Shklar's appreciation for contextualist political thought is noted by Adcock and Bevir, who write that “Shklar's praise of [Quentin] Skinner as an antidote to the tropes of Strauss, Arendt and Wolin” suggests that she saw Skinner's work as a continuation of the “ideas and institutions” tradition of political thought practised by her own teachers at Harvard, Hartz and Friedrich. However, Adcock and Bevir seem to mistake Shklar's reference, since the older tradition of political thought to which she refers is actually “intellectual history . . . as it used to be practiced in the earlier years of this century in Germany and France”: Shklar, review of Quentin Skinner, The Foundations of Modern Political Thought, 549. However, their broader point, that Shklar saw Skinner's historicism as a return to traditionalist histories of political thought that were preferable to the work of Strauss, Arendt and Wolin, is correct. Cf. Shklar's equation of “‘speech act’ analysis” with “common sense” in Judith Shklar, “Squaring the Hermeneutic Circle”, in idem, Political Thought and Political Thinkers, 81.

⁹³ Shklar, review of Quentin Skinner, The Foundations of Modern Political Thought, 551.

⁹⁴ Judith Shklar, review of Isaiah Berlin, Against the Current, New Republic, 5 April 1980, 33.

⁹⁵ Kerry Whiteside, “Justice Uncertain: Judith Shklar on Liberalism, Skepticism and Equality”, Polity 31 (1999), 501–24.

⁹⁶ Rosenblum, “The Democracy of Everyday Life”, 30; Allen, “Liberalism for Grown Ups”, 547.

⁹⁷ Shklar, “Learning without Knowing”, 106.

⁹⁸ Ibid., 109.

⁹⁹ Shklar, “Jean d'Alembert and the Rehabilitation of History”, 310–11.

¹⁰⁰ Ibid., 308.

¹⁰¹ Ibid., 309.

¹⁰² Shklar, “Redeeming American Political Theory”, in idem, Redeeming American Political Thought, 106.

¹⁰³ Ibid., 91.

¹⁰⁴ Shklar, “Ideology Hunting”, 234.

¹⁰⁵ Shklar, “Alexander Hamilton and the Language of Political Science”, in idem, Redeeming American Political Thought, 6.

¹⁰⁶ Shklar, “Democratic Customs”, in idem, Redeeming American Political Thought, 190.

¹⁰⁷ Smith, Rogers M., “Judith Shklar and the Pleasures of American Political Thought”, Yale Journal of Law and the Humanities 5 (1993), 187Google Scholar; Shklar, “Redeeming American Political Theory”, 91. Her first publication that dealt in any sustained way with the history of American thought (as opposed to contemporary American legal and political theory) was “The Education of Henry Adams”, Daedalus 103 (1974), 59–66.

¹⁰⁸ Shklar, Judith, American Citizenship: The Quest for Inclusion (Cambridge MA: Harvard University Press, 1991), 13, 1Google Scholar; idem, “An Education for America”, 6; idem, “Negative Liberty, Positive Liberty in the United States”, in idem, Redeeming American Political Thought, 113. In these writings Shklar rejected the intellectual agenda set by the legacy of Hartz. For differing assessments of the impact of that legacy on the writing of the history of political thought and on contemporary political science see e.g. Kloppenberg, James T., “Review: In Retrospect: Louis Hartz's ‘The Liberal Tradition in America’”, Reviews in American History 29 (2001), 460–78CrossRefGoogle Scholar. Cf. Smith, Rogers M., “Beyond Tocqueville, Myrdal, and Hartz: The Multiple Traditions in America”, American Political Science Review 87 (1993), 549–66CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

¹⁰⁹ Shklar, American Citizenship, 3. Seyla Benhabib writes, “In some ways her last book . . . is a belated answer to Arendt's On Revolution.” Benhabib, “Judith Shklar's Dystopic Liberalism”, 58.

¹¹⁰ Arendt, Hannah, The Human Condition (Chicago: Chicago University Press, 1998), 201CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

¹¹¹ Judith Shklar, “Democracy and the Past”, in idem, Redeeming American Political Thought, 174, 186.

¹¹² Judith Shklar, “A New Constitution for a New Nation”, in idem, Redeeming American Political Thought, 165.

¹¹³ Allen, Jonathan “The Place of Negative Morality in Political Theory”, Political Theory 29 (2001), 337–63CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

¹¹⁴ Shklar, Men and Citizens, 33.

¹¹⁵ The events of the 1960s and 1970s are also likely to have shaped Shklar's thinking on this subject, but she did not write any sustained commentary on these events. In fact, during this period she turned to more historical work, producing her monographs on Rousseau and Hegel. Although a champion of the civil rights movement, Shklar was no supporter of the New Left. “I do not remember the sixties kindly,” she wrote. See Shklar, “A Life of Learning”, 268. For her brief comments on the Students for a Democratic Society cf. Shklar, Ordinary Vices, 134. For her involvement in the Harvard protests about “2–S deferments” for students in 1966–7, cf. Pogge, Thomas, John Rawls: His Life and Theory of Justice (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007), 21CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

¹¹⁶ This paper was first presented at the Lionel Trilling Seminar at Columbia University (2 April 1981). See Shklar, Judith, “Putting Cruelty First”, Daedalus 111 (1982), 17–27Google Scholar.

¹¹⁷ Shklar, “Injustice, Injury and Inequality”, 15; idem, The Faces of Injustice (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1990), 120. Cf. Bernard Yack, “Putting Injustice First: An Alternative Approach to Liberal Pluralism”, Social Research 66/4 (1999), 1114.

¹¹⁸ Shklar, “The Liberalism of Fear”, 11.

¹¹⁹ Ibid., 9.

¹²⁰ Shklar, “Injustice, Injury and Inequality”, 24.

¹²¹ Shklar, “A Life of Learning”, 274, 267.

¹²² See Cane, Peter, ed., The Hart–Fuller Debate in the Twenty-First Century (Oxford: Hart Publishing, 2010)Google Scholar.

¹²³ Shklar, Legalism, 34.

¹²⁴ Ibid., 35. Shklar's constitutionalist critique of formalism follows Friedrich, Carl, The Philosophy of Law in Historical Perspective (Chicago: Chicago University Press, 1958), 165–77Google Scholar.

¹²⁵ Shklar, Legalism, Preface, xi.

¹²⁶ Shklar, “A Life of Learning”, 272.

¹²⁷ Benhabib, “Judith Shklar's Dystopic Liberalism”, 57.

¹²⁸ Shklar, The Faces of Injustice, 8.

¹²⁹ Ibid., 28.

¹³⁰ Ibid., 49.

¹³¹ Shklar, “The Work of Michael Walzer”, 377.

¹³² Shklar, “A Life of Learning”, 279.

¹³³ Judith Shklar, “Hannah Arendt's Triumph”, New Republic, 27 Dec. 1975, 9.

¹³⁴ Shklar, Ordinary Vices, 17.

¹³⁵ Ibid., 19

¹³⁶ Shklar, Legalism, 223.

¹³⁷ Shklar, Ordinary Vices, 17.

¹³⁸ Ibid., 35

¹³⁹ Arendt, Hannah, The Origins of Totalitarianism (Cleveland, OH: The World Publishing Company, 1958), 459Google Scholar.

¹⁴⁰ Robin, Fear, 151, 144. In his otherwise astute account, Corey Robin ignores the important distinction between normalized cruelty and radical evil when he renamed the liberalism of fear the “liberalism of terror”.

¹⁴¹ Shklar, “Hannah Arendt as Pariah”, 368.

¹⁴² Villa, Dana, Politics, Philosophy, Terror: Essays on the thought of Hannah Arendt (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1990), 202Google Scholar.

¹⁴³ Judith Shklar, “Torturers”, review of Elain Scarry, The Body in Pain, London Review of Books, 9 Oct. 1986, 26–7.

¹⁴⁴ Dunn, “Hope over Fear”, 52.

¹⁴⁵ Geuss, Raymond, “Neither History nor Praxis’, in idem, Outside Ethics (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2005), 31Google Scholar.

¹⁴⁶ Shklar, Ordinary Vices, 245.

¹⁴⁷ Dunn, “Hope over Fear”, 47.

¹⁴⁸ Shklar, “Review, Against the Current”, 34.

¹⁴⁹ Allen, “Liberalism for Grown Ups”, 547.

¹⁵⁰ Bernard Yack, “Introduction”, in Yack, Liberalism without Illusions, 9.

¹⁵¹ Shklar, “Injustice, Injury, Inequality”, 18.

¹⁵² Rosenblum, “The Democracy of Everyday Life”, 40.

¹⁵³ Shklar, Legalism, 5; idem, “Injustice, Injury, Inequality”, 28.

¹⁵⁴ Ibid., 25.

¹⁵⁵ Ibid., 25.

¹⁵⁶ See e.g. Shklar, “The Liberalism of Fear”, 17; idem, “Injustice, Injury and Inequality”, 26–7; idem, “Obligation, Loyalty, Exile”, in idem, Political Thought and Political Thinkers, 41.

¹⁵⁷ Judith Shklar, “Thinking about Bonsai Trees”, London Review of Books, 18 April 1985, 12–13.

¹⁵⁸ Shklar, “A Life of Learning”, 273.

¹⁵⁹ Shklar, “Torturers”, 27.