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⁴ “The empirical philosophers are like to pismires . . . the rationalists are like the spiders,” Francis Bacon wrote in his Apophthegmes. In the eighteenth century, the Church of Scotland divine Thomas Boston complained of the “rationalism” subverting Christ's gospel: “rationalist, n. and adj.,” and “rationalism, n.,” OED Online, Oxford University Press, 13 Sept. 2015.

⁵ I.e. “rationalist,” “rationalistic,” and “rationalizing.”

⁶ Anglophone intellectual historians have sometimes expressed reservations towards Begriffsgeschichte on the grounds that writing the history of a determinate concept, if this is indeed what the approach involves, is inherently presentist. To avoid this problem—which partly stems from the difficulty of rendering Begriff into English—I will use a semantic focus on the usage of the term “rationalism” as a means of uncovering the often distinct concepts with which it was invested. Begriffsgeschichte's guiding idea is blamelessly Kantian: “keine Erfahrungen ohne Begriffe und keine Begriffe ohne Erfahrungen”: Koselleck, Reinhart, “Die Geschichte der Begriffe und Begriffe der Geschichte,” in Dutt, Carsten, ed., Herausforderungen der Begriffsgeschichte (Heidelberg, 2003), 3–16, at 3Google Scholar. For discussions of Begriffsgeschichte see Koselleck, , “ Begriffsgeschichte and social history,” in Koselleck, , Futures Past: On the Semantics of Historical Time, trans. Keith Tribe (New York, 2004), [75]–92Google Scholar; Richter, Melvin, “Pocock, Skinner, and Begriffsgeschichte ,” in Richter, , The History of Social and Political Concepts: An Introduction (New York, 1995), 124–42Google Scholar; the discussion in Dixon, Thomas's The Invention of Altruism: Making Moral Meanings in Victorian Britain (Oxford, 2008), 33–40 CrossRefGoogle Scholar, is especially suggestive. Rationalism apparently does not pass muster as a historical Grundbegriff: Brunner, Otto, Conze, Werner and Koselleck, Reinhart, eds., Geschichtliche Grundbegriffe: Historisches Lexikon zur politisch-sozialen Sprachen in Deutschland, 8 vols. (Stuttgart, 1972–97)Google Scholar.

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⁵⁵ Ibid., 1: 317–18.

⁵⁶ Ibid., 1: xxi.

⁵⁷ Ibid., 1: 177–9, 194 and n. 1.

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⁶⁴ [Henry Reeve], “Lecky's Influence of Rationalism,” Edinburgh Review, 121/248 (1865), 426–55, at 427–8; Trev Lynn Broughton, “Reeve, Henry (1813–1895),” ODNB.

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⁹⁰ Robertson, Rationalism, 44–6; Benn, The History of English Rationalism, 1: 284.

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¹¹² Turner, Between Science and Religion, 104–33.

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¹¹⁸ Gilbert Murray, “Chairman's Introductory Address,” in Harrison, Rationalism, 6–7.

¹¹⁹ Harrison, Rationalism, 16–17.

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