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³ E.g. untitled note on Mysore, Andhra patrika, 21 April 1923, reprinted in G. S. Halappa, ed., History of Freedom Movement in Karnataka, 2 vols. (Mysore, 1964), 2: 761.

⁴ “Mysore Constitutional Developments (Seal) Committee 1922–23: Report. Bangalore, 1923,” IOR/V/26/272/9, India Office Records (IOR), British Library, London, 9.

⁵ Ibid., 11.

⁶ Ibid., 18.

⁷ Shama Rao, Modern Mysore, 316.

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¹¹ See Chatterjee, Partha, Nationalist Thought and the Colonial World: A Derivative Discourse (Minneapolis, 1993), 85–130Google Scholar; Mehta, Uday Singh, “Gandhi on Democracy, Politics, and the Ethics of Everyday Life,” Modern Intellectual History 7/2 (2010), 355–71CrossRefGoogle Scholar; and Skaria, Ajay, “Relinquishing Republican Democracy: Gandhi's Ramarajya,” Postcolonial Studies 14/2 (2011), 203–29CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

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¹³ On M. N. Roy and direct democracy in the mid-1940s see Kris Manjapra, M. N. Roy: Marxism and Colonial Cosmopolitanism (London, 2010), 132–3.

¹⁴ On imperial federalism see Frederick Cooper, Citizenship between Empire and Nation: Remaking France and French Africa, 1945–1960 (Princeton, 2014); and Gary Wilder, Freedom Time: Negritude, Decolonization, and the Future of the World (Durham, NC, 2015). On regional federations see Adom Getachew, Worldmaking after Empire: The Rise and Fall of Self-Determination (Princeton, 2019), 107–41; and Milford, Ismay, “Federation, Partnership, and the Chronologies of Space in 1950s East and Central Africa,” Historical Journal 63/5 (2020), 1325–48CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

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¹⁸ David Armitage, “We Have Always Been Federal,” in Robert Schütze and Stephen Tierney, eds., The United Kingdom and the Federal Idea (Oxford, 2018), 277–84, at 282.

¹⁹ The Government of India Act, 1870 (33 Vict., c.3).

²⁰ “Resolution by the Government of India: Local Self-Government—Dated 18th May 1882 (No. 17/747–759),” in Speeches and Political Resolutions of Lord Ripon (Viceroy of India), from June 1880 to May 1882, ed. Ram Chandra Lalit, vol. 2 (Calcutta, 1882), 35–51.

²¹ Jhaverilala Umiyasankara Yajnika, Note on Local Self-Government in the Bombay Presidency. By Javerilál Umiáshankar Yájnik [Written for the Central Committee for Promoting Local Self-Government in Gujarát] (Bombay, 1882).

²² “Local Self-Government in the Bombay Presidency,” Quarterly Journal of the Poona Sarvajanik Sabha 2 (1883), 27–76.

²³ On Ripon's pedagogical understanding of the 1882 Resolution, see Weinstein, Benjamin, “Liberalism, Local Government Reform, and Political Education in Great Britain and British India, 1880–1886,” Historical Journal 61/1 (2018), 181–203CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

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²⁵ Ibid.

²⁶ Ibid., 340.

²⁷ Ibid., 338.

²⁸ Ibid., 342–3.

²⁹ Kashinath Trimbak Telang, Must Social Reform Precede Political Reform in India?, in Telang, Selected Writings and Speeches (Bombay, 1912), 269–99.

³⁰ Pherozeshah Mehta, “Congress Presidential Address,” in Speeches and Writings of the Honorable Sir Pherozeshah Merwariji Mehta, K.C.I.E., ed. C. Y. Chintamani (Allahabad, 1905), 292–312, at 302.

³¹ Mehta, “Congress Presidential Address,” 309.

³² Ibid., 310.

³³ Surendranath Banerjea, “Congress Presidential Address, Poona, 1895,” in Speeches and Writings of Hon. Surendranath Banerjea, Selected by Himself (Madras, 1917), 11–99, at 13.

³⁴ “The Hon'ble Mr. G. K. Gokhale—Saturday, 7th March, 1908,” in Minutes of Evidence Taken before the Royal Commission upon Decentralization in Bombay: Presented to both Houses of Parliament by Command of His Majesty, vol. 8 (London, 1908), 57–69.

³⁵ Gopal Krishna Gokhale, “Decentralization Commission: Written Evidence,” in Speeches and Writings of Gopal Krishna Gokhale, ed. D. G. Karve and D. V. Ambekar, 2 vols. (Bombay, 1966), 2: 252–63, at 263.

³⁶ Niraja Gopal Jayal, Citizenship and Its Discontents: An Indian History (Cambridge, MA, 2013), 41.

³⁷ See especially Sumit Sarkar, The Swadeshi Movement in Bengal, 1903–1908 (New Delhi, 1973).

³⁸ Bal Gangadhar Tilak, “The Decentralization Commission,” in Bal Gangadhar Tilak: His Writings and Speeches (Madras, 1918), 90–99. Also see “Bal Gangadhar Tilak—Monday, 9th March, 1908,” in Minutes of Evidence Taken before the Royal Commission upon Decentralization in Bombay, 83–8.

³⁹ Tilak, “The Decentralization Commission,” 95–6.

⁴⁰ Bal Gangadhar Tilak, “Home Rule [Jan. 1917],” in Bal Gangadhar Tilak: His Writings and Speeches, 210–15, at 213.

⁴¹ Tilak, Bal Gangadhar, “Karma-Yoga and Swaraj,” Quarterly Journal of the Poona Sarvajanik Sabha 2/2 (1917), 1–3Google Scholar, at 3.

⁴² Pandit Madan Mohan Malaviya, A Criticism of the Montagu Chelmsford Proposals of Indian Constitutional Reform (Allahabad, 1918), 25–6.

⁴³ Chatterjee, Nationalist Thought, 51.

⁴⁴ Shamasastry, R., “Chanakya's Land and Revenue Policy (4th century B.C.),” Indian Antiquary: A Journal of Oriental Research 34 (1905), 5–10Google Scholar. On the authorship and compositional history of the manuscript received by Shamasastry in 1905 see Mark McClish, The History of the Arthaśāstra: Sovereignty and Sacred Law in Ancient India (Cambridge, 2019), 28–51.

⁴⁵ R. Shama Sastri, ed., The Arthasastra of Kautilya (Kautiliyam arthashastram) (Mysore, 1909).

⁴⁶ Narendra Nath Law, Studies in Ancient Hindu Polity (Based on the Arthaśâstra of Kautilya), 2 vols. (Calcutta, 1914), 1: v.

⁴⁷ K. V. Rangaswami Aiyangar, Considerations on Some Aspects of Ancient Indian Polity: Sir Subrahmanya Aiyar Lecture, 1914 (Madras, 1916), 3.

⁴⁸ Ibid.

⁴⁹ Pramathanath Banerjea, Public Administration in Ancient India (London, 1916), 1–14.

⁵⁰ R. S. Sharma, “Historiography of Ancient Indian Polity up to 1930,” in Sharma, Aspects of Political Ideas and Institutions in Ancient India (New Delhi, 1959), 1–13, at 9.

⁵¹ The swadeshi movement began as a protest against Curzon's decision to partition Bengal along Hindu–Muslim lines in June 1905, and quickly snowballed into political militancy and a far-reaching program of economic boycott and cultural revivalism. See Sarkar, The Swadeshi Movement in Bengal; Ranajit Guha, Dominance without Hegemony: History and Power in Colonial India (Cambridge, MA, 1997), 108–21; Sartori, Andrew, “The Categorial Logic of a Colonial Nationalism: Swadeshi Bengal, 1904–1908,” Comparative Studies of South Asia, Africa, and the Middle East 23/1–2 (2003), 271–85CrossRefGoogle Scholar; and Manu Goswami, Producing India: From Colonial Economy to National Space (Chicago, 2004), 242–76.

⁵² Radhakumud Mookerji, “Foreword,” in Haridas Mukherjee and Uma Mukherjee, The Origins of the National Education Movement (1905–1910) (Calcutta, 1957), vii–xi, at viii.

⁵³ E.g. “Part I: Indiana,” Dawn and Dawn Society's Magazine 1/2 (1904), 29–60. For a firsthand account of Radhakumud's involvement with Dawn between 1902 and 1906 see Benoy Kumar Sarkar, Creative India: From Mohenjo-Daro to the Age of Ramkrsna-Vivekānanda (Lahore, 1937), 663.

⁵⁴ “National Council of Education Bengal: Statement of Objects and Plan of Work,” in Reminiscences, Speeches and Writings of Sir Gooroo Dass Banerjee Kt., ed. Upendra Chandra Banerjee, vol. 2 (Calcutta, 1927), 207–28, at 208.

⁵⁵ Mukherjee and Mukherjee, The Origins of the National Education Movement, 87.

⁵⁶ Radhakumud Mookerji, Indian Shipping: A History of the Sea-Borne Trade and Maritime Activity of the Indians from the Earliest Times (Calcutta, 1912), 256. The first edition of Indian Shipping carried an introductory foreword by Brajendranath Seal.

⁵⁷ Radhakumud Mookerji, Local Government in Ancient India, 1st edn (Oxford, 1919), 20.

⁵⁸ Ibid., 21.

⁵⁹ Marquess of Crewe, “Foreword,” in Mookerji, Local Government, 1st edn, vii–ix, at vii.

⁶⁰ Mookerji, Local Government, 1st edn, 20.

⁶¹ Ibid.

⁶² Ibid., 21.

⁶³ Ibid.

⁶⁴ Ibid., 29.

⁶⁵ Ibid., 171–3.

⁶⁶ Ibid., 147.

⁶⁷ Ibid., 132–44.

⁶⁸ Ibid., 174.

⁶⁹ Ibid., 150.

⁷⁰ Ibid., 154.

⁷¹ Ibid., 154–5.

⁷² Ibid., 156–7.

⁷³ Radhakumud Mookerji, Local Government in Ancient India, 2nd edn (Oxford, 1920), 180–81. This sentence (in Ch. 7, Section Two) was absent from the 1919 edition of the text and appears to have been added in only for the 2nd edition.

⁷⁴ Ibid., 173.

⁷⁵ Mookerji, Local Government, 1st ed., 210.

⁷⁶ Jayaswal, Kashi Prasad, “An Introduction to Hindu Polity,” Modern Review 13/1–6 (1913), 535–41Google Scholar, at 536.

⁷⁷ Mookerji, Local Government, 1st edn, 164 n. 1.

⁷⁸ Ibid., 9.

⁷⁹ Ibid., 10.

⁸⁰ All three studies of the ancient Indian polity published between 1914 and 1918—by Rangaswami Aiyangar, Narendra Nath Law, and Pramathanath Banerjea—saw premodern empires as sovereign monarchical orders, bound by duty (dharma) but centralized in political form and fully in command of subordinate jurisdictions. For Aiyangar, these empires were marked “by intense centralization of the Government which aims at uniformity of administration throughout the kingdom.” For Law, imperial constitutions revolved around states with far-reaching powers of regulation and punishment (dandaniti) and unitary legislation. Finally, for Banerjea, Indian politics after the second century BCE saw a steady growth in “centralized administration,” after which local political power “lost much of its power and prestige.” See, respectively, Aiyangar, Considerations on Some Aspects of Ancient Indian Polity, 35; Law, Studies in Ancient Hindu Polity, 1: 88–135; and Banerjea, Public Administration in Ancient India, 291.

⁸¹ Mookerji, Local Government, 1st edn, 4.

⁸² Ibid., 6.

⁸³ “Local Government,” Times of India, 15 Oct. 1919, 11.

⁸⁴ Rapson, E. J., “Book Review: Local Government in Ancient India by Radhakumud Mookerji,” English Historical Review 35/138 (1920), 260–61CrossRefGoogle Scholar, at 261.

⁸⁵ “Guilds and Village Councils in Hindu India,” Times Literary Supplement, 14 Aug. 1919, 433.

⁸⁶ F.E.P., “Reviewed Works: Corporate Life in Ancient India by Ramesh Chandra Majumdar and Local Government in Ancient India by Radhakumud Mookerji,” Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland 1 (1920), 114–18, at 116.

⁸⁷ Ibid., 118.

⁸⁸ Brajendranath Seal, “An Introductory Note,” in Mookerji, Indian Shipping, xiii–xvi. Sumit Sarkar has shown that Seal's name was listed as an adviser for the National Council of Education in August 1906. In all likelihood, Radhakumud first met Seal when he was employed by the Council's Bengal National College during this time. See Sarkar, The Swadeshi Movement, 142.

⁸⁹ Radhakumud Mookerji, “Preface to the Second Edition,” in Local Government, 2nd edn, xix–xxv, at xxv.

⁹⁰ “Mysore Constitutional Developments (Seal) Committee 1922–23: Report,” 8.

⁹¹ Ibid., 9.

⁹² Ibid., 17.

⁹³ Ibid., 9.

⁹⁴ Ibid., 5.

⁹⁵ Ibid.

⁹⁶ Ibid., 22.

⁹⁷ Ibid.

⁹⁸ Ibid., 26–7.

⁹⁹ Ibid., 10.

¹⁰⁰ On monarchy in Seal's constitution see Bjørn Hettne, The Political Economy of Indirect Rule: Mysore 1881–1947 (London, 1978), 101–4; and Chancellor, Nigel H., “Mysore: The Making and Unmaking of a Model State,” South Asian Studies 13/1 (1997), 109–26CrossRefGoogle Scholar, at 109–11.

¹⁰¹ “The Mysore Report,” Modern Review 34/1–6 (1923), 231–6, at 232.

¹⁰² Ibid.

¹⁰³ Radhakumud Mookerji, Asoka (Gaekwad Lectures) (London, 1928), 49.

¹⁰⁴ Ibid.

¹⁰⁵ Ibid., 50.

¹⁰⁶ Ibid., 49 n. 1.

¹⁰⁷ Mukerjee, Radhakamal, India: The Dawn of a New Era (An Autobiography) (New Delhi, 1997), 63–4Google Scholar; and Sarkar, Creative India, 663. Also see Mukherjee and Mukherjee, The Origins of the National Education Movement, 232.

¹⁰⁸ Mukerjee, India: The Dawn of a New Era, 87–9.

¹⁰⁹ Mukerjee, Radhakamal, Democracies of the East: A Study in Comparative Politics (London, 1923)Google Scholar, viii n. 1.

¹¹⁰ Ibid., 356 n. 1.

¹¹¹ Ibid.

¹¹² Ibid.

¹¹³ Ibid.

¹¹⁴ Ibid., 119.

¹¹⁵ Ibid., 146.

¹¹⁶ Ibid., 147.

¹¹⁷ Ibid., 152.

¹¹⁸ Ibid., 162.

¹¹⁹ Sarkar, The Swadeshi Movement, 24–5; Stolte, Carolien and Fischer-Tiné, Harald, “Imagining Asia in India: Nationalism and Internationalism (ca. 1905–1940),” Comparative Studies in Society and History 54/1 (2012), 65–92CrossRefGoogle Scholar; and Aydin, Cemil, The Politics of Anti-Westernism in Asia: Visions of World Order in Pan-Islamic and Pan-Asian Thought (New York, 2007), 111–14CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

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¹²¹ Ibid., 89.

¹²² Ibid., 83.

¹²³ Ibid., xvii.

¹²⁴ Ibid., 156.

¹²⁵ Ibid.

¹²⁶ Ibid., 155.

¹²⁷ Ibid.

¹²⁸ Ibid.

¹²⁹ Pratapgiri Ramamurti, The Problem of the Indian Polity (Bombay, 1935), 290.

¹³⁰ Ibid., 203.

¹³¹ Prasad, Beni, The State in Ancient India: A Study in the Structure and Practical Working of Political Institutions in North India in Ancient Times (Allahabad, 1928), 504–5Google Scholar.

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¹³⁵ Ibid., 9.

¹³⁶ Ibid., 33.

¹³⁷ Ibid., 222.

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