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⁴¹ On Lazarsfeld's life and career, see Paul F. Lazarsfeld, “An Episode in the History of Social Research: A Memoir,” in Donald Fleming and Bernard Bailyn, eds., The Intellectual Migration: Europe and America, 1930–1960 (Cambridge, 1969), 270–337; Converse, Survey Research in the United States, 131–61, 239–304; Allen H. Barton, “Paul Lazarsfeld and Applied Social Research: Invention of the University Applied Research Institute,” Social Science History 3/4 (1979), 4–44; James S. Coleman, “Paul F. Lazarsfeld: The Substance and Style of His Work,” in Robert K. Merton and Mathilda White Riley, eds., Sociological Traditions from Generation to Generation: Glimpses of the American Experience (Norwood, NJ, 1980), 153–74.

⁴² Heyck, Age of System, 126–42; Platt, History of Sociological Research Methods, 29, 257–60; Paul F. Lazarsfeld and Morris Rosenberg, eds., The Language of Social Research: A Reader in the Methodology of Social Research (New York, 1955), 111, 387. On the language of variables see Danziger, Naming the Mind, 158–80, esp. 168. Cf. Rodgers, Fracture, 89–90: “choice had never been a keyword in the sociologist's vocabulary” before the 1980s.

⁴³ Sophia Rosenfeld, The Choices We Make: The Roots of Modern Freedom, forthcoming.

⁴⁴ Riesman, Individualism Reconsidered, 37–8.

⁴⁵ Lazarsfeld, “An Episode,” 277–80; Michael Pollak, “Paul F. Lazarsfeld: A Sociointellectual Biography,” Knowledge: Creation, Diffusion, Utilization 2/2 (1980), 158–63; Janek Wasserman, Black Vienna: The Radical Right in the Red City, 1918–1938 (Ithaca, 2014).

⁴⁶ Elihu Katz and Paul F. Lazarsfeld, Personal Influence: The Part Played by People in the Flow of Mass Communications (Glencoe, IL, 1955), 16–35, esp. 35; Jefferson D. Pooley, “An Accident of Memory: Edward Shils, Paul Lazarsfeld and the History of American Mass Communication Research” (Ph.D. dissertation, Columbia University, 2006); Todd Gitlin, “Media Sociology: The Dominant Paradigm,” Theory and Society 6/2 (1978), 205–53; Peter Simonson, “Introduction,” in Peter Simonson, ed., Politics, Social Networks, and the History of Mass Communications Research: Rereading Personal Influence, Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 608 (2006), 15–17, and Elihu Katz, “Afterword: True Stories,” in ibid., 302–5; Elihu Katz, “Communications Research and the Image of Society: Convergence of Two Traditions,” American Journal of Sociology 65/5 (1960), 435–40, at 435.

⁴⁷ Gitlin, “Media Sociology;” Lawrence B. Glickman, “The Consumer and the Citizen in Personal Influence,” in Simonson, Politics, Social Networks, and the History of Mass Communications Research, 205–12.

⁴⁸ Gleason, Totalitlarianism, 82, 86, 88, and passim.

⁴⁹ James T. Patterson, Grand Expectations: The United States, 1945–1974 (New York, 1996); Eric Schickler, Racial Realignment: The Transformation of American Liberalism, 1932–65 (Princeton, 2016); Gary Gerstle, American Crucible: Race and Nation in the Twentieth Century (Princeton, 2001).

⁵⁰ Jefferson Cowie, The Great Exception: The New Deal and the Limits of American Politics (Princeton, 2016), 168–71; O'Connor, Poverty Knowledge, 10, 20; Gary Gerstle, Liberty and Coercion: The Paradox of American Government from the Founding to the Present (Princeton, 2015), 251–343; Ira Katznelson, “Was the Great Society a Lost Opportunity,” in Steve Fraser and Gary Gerstle, eds., The Rise and Fall of the New Deal Order: 1930–1980 (Princeton, 1989), 185–211; Mary L. Dudziak and Mary L. L. Dudziak, Cold War Civil Rights: Race and the Image of American Democracy (Princeton, 2011), 13; Robert Dallek, Flawed Giant: Lyndon Johnson and his Times, 1961–1973 (New York, 1998).

⁵¹ Cohen-Cole, The Open Mind, 218–41; Martin Jay, The Dialectical Imagination: A History of the Frankfurt School and the Institute of Social Research, 1923–1950 (Berkeley, 1996; first published 1973), 253–89, at 261; Jay, “The Frankfurt School in Exile,” in Jay, Permanent Exiles, 28–61; Herbert Marcuse, One-Dimensional Man (Boston, 1964), xii, 3, 9, 239; “The Port Huron Statement,” in James Miller, “Democracy Is in the Streets”: From Port Huron to the Siege of Chicago (New York, 1987), 329–74.

⁵² Michael J. Brown, Hope and Scorn: Eggheads, Experts, and Elites in American Politics (Chicago, forthcoming), 56, 67–71, 79, Ch. 3; “In Memorium: William Kornhauser,” at senate.universityofcalifornia.edu/_files/inmemoriam/html/williamkornhauser.htm; Irving Louis Horowitz, “The Politics of Mass Society: A Half Century and Ideology Later,” in William P. Kornhauser, The Politics of Mass Society (New Brunswick, 2008; first published 1959), vii–x.

⁵³ For a discussion of the romantic modernist tradition and its contribution to the theory of mass society, see the first part of this two-part essay. Lionel Trilling, Sincerity and Authenticity (Cambridge, 1972).

⁵⁴ Ratner-Rosenhagen, Ideas That Made America, 141–5; Erikson, Childhood and Society, 268; Nathan G. Hale Jr, The Rise and Crisis of Psychoanalysis in the United States: Freud and the Americans, 1917–1985 (New York, 1995); Herman, The Romance of American Psychology, 264–75, esp. 265; Mills, Sociological Imagination, 171; Sophie Joscelyne, “Norman Mailer and the Concept of Totalitarianism in the 1960s,” Modern Intellectual History, at https://doi.org/10.1017/S1479244320000323.

⁵⁵ “The Port Huron Statement,” 332; Miller, “Democracy Is in the Streets”; Doug Rossinow, The Politics of Authenticity: Liberalism, Christianity, and the New Left in America (New York, 1998).

⁵⁶ Ralph Ellison, Invisible Man (New York, 1995; first published 1952); Ellison, Shadow and Act (New York, 1964; first published 1958), xxii, 303–17; Greif, Age of the Crisis of Man, 165–89; O'Connor, Poverty Knowledge, 14–19; James Baldwin, Notes of a Native Son (Boston, 1955), 173; Baldwin, The Fire Next Time (New York, 1963); Malcolm X, with the assistance of Alex Haley, The Autobiography of Malcolm X (New York, 1965); Sterling Stuckey, Slave Culture: Nationalist Theory and the Foundations of Black America (New York, 1987); Richard H. King, Race, Culture, and the Intellectuals, 1940–1970 (Baltimore, 2004).

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⁵⁹ John McGowan, Postmodernism and Its Critics (Ithaca, 1991), 1–30, esp. x, 13, 15, 16; Ratner-Rosenhagen, Ideas That Made America, 159–72; David A. Hollinger, Postethnic America: Beyond Multiculturalism (New York, 1995); Joan Williams, “Implementing Antiessentialism: How Gender Wars Turn into Race and Class Conflict,” Harvard Black Letter Law Journal 15 (1999), 41–81; Patricia Collins, “Intersectionality's Definitional Dilemmas,” Annual Review of Sociology 41/1 (2015), 1–20.

⁶⁰ Lionel Trilling, “On the Teaching of Modern Literature” (1961), in Trilling, Beyond Culture; Trilling, “Preface,” in ibid., xvi–xviii.; Daniel Bell, “Beyond Modernism, Beyond Self,” in Quentin Anderson, Stephen Donadio, and Steven Marcus, eds., Art, Politics, and Will: Essays in Honor of Lionel Trilling (New York: Basic Books, 1977), 220, 231–2, 245, 248. Bell's essay expanded the cultural analysis he set out in The Cultural Contradictions of Capitalism (New York, 1976).

⁶¹ Brown, Hope and Scorn, Ch. 5; Nash, The Conservative Intellectual Movement.

⁶² Gerstle, Liberty and Coercion, 251–343; James Davison Hunter, Culture Wars: The Struggle to Define America (New York, 1991); Byron E. Shafer and Richard Johnston, The End of Southern Exceptionalism: Class, Race, and Partisan Change in the Postwar South (Cambridge, MA, 2006).

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