¹ Asia averages 1.9% growth, South Asia 2.3% and South East Asia 2.3%. These figures are from the Population Reference Bureau's World Population Data Sheet, 1986 (Washington D.C., 04 1987).Google Scholar

² Government of Pakistan, Census of Pakistan, 1961, vol. 3 (Ministry of Home and Kashmir Affairs, Census Organization, Karachi).Google Scholar

³ The State of Population: A Constraint for the Sustainable Development of Pakistan, paper submitted at the Conference on National Conservation Strategy of Pakistan,25–28 August 1986,Islamabad.Google Scholar

⁴ World Bank, World Bank Development Report, 1987.Google Scholar

⁵ One of the reasons for the slow decline of mortality rates in Pakistan compared to other countries could be the phenomenon of repeated pregnancies and births which are closely associated with the health and mortality of infants, children and mothers.

⁶ John Stover of the Futures Group has used these figures in a study commissioned by the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) in conjunction with Pakistan's National Institute of Population Studies (NIPS), 1989.Google Scholar

⁷ Sultan, Hashmi et al. , Population Projections, Pakistan, 1981 to 2031 (National Institute of Population Studies, Islamabad).Google Scholar

⁸ Razzaque, Rukanaddin A., The Demographic Situation of Pakistan. Its Effects on National Resources and Implications for Socio-Economic Development (Population Welfare Division, 06 1985, Pakistan).Google Scholar

⁹ Population Reference Bureau, World Population Data Sheet (Washington D.C., 1986).Google Scholar

¹⁰ John Stover of the Futures Group in a study commissioned by the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) and presented at the American embassy, April 1989, Islamabad.Google Scholar

¹¹ National Institute of Population Studies (NIPS), The State of Population in Pakistan, 1987 (Islamabad, 1988), p. 48.Google Scholar

¹² Other countres include India with 35 deaths per thousand, 26 in Sri Lanka, 34 in Indonesia, 31 in Malaysia, 33 in the Philippines, 28 in Thailand, 18 in China, 37 in Egypt, 33 in Tunisia and 35 in Turkey.

¹³ Some have argued that modernization has increased fertility in developing countries by decreasing breast-feeding, the decline in polygamous marriages, improved health services and nutrition, and advances in marriage ages. On the other hand, others feel that the almost universal breast-feeding of babies has been a major factor in moderating fertility and infant mortality by lengthening the post-partum amenorrhea which widens the birth interval.

¹⁴ United Nations, Determinants and Consequences of Population Trends (Department of International Economic Affairs, New York, 1973).Google Scholar

¹⁵ Sather, Zeba and Arfan, Mohammed, ‘Reproductive Behavior in Pakistan's Population: Labor Force and Migration Survey 1979–1980’, paper presented to the Pakistan Society of Development Economists, Pakistan Institute of Development Economics, Islamabad, 1984, and published in National Impact Survey, 1968 Report (Lahore).Google Scholar

¹⁶ United Nations, ‘The Determinants and Consequences of Population Trends’, Population Studies 50, 1 (New York, 1973).Google Scholar

¹⁷ According to the National Institute of Population Studies, it is generally felt that deaths are under-reported compared with births in both the registration and census system. The under-reporting may be as high as 30% and estimated to be more prevalent where females are concerned.

¹⁸ Iqbal, Farooque Naseem, ‘Mortality in Pakistan’, published by the Pakistan National Institute of Population Studies, Islamabad, 1986.Google Scholar

¹⁹ Population Reference Bureau, World Population Data Sheet, 1986 (Washington D.C., 04 1986).Google Scholar

²⁰ Zeba, Sather, ‘Mortality and Health in Pakistan: Selected Issues and Areas of Concern’, paper presented at a National Population Seminar in Islamabad, 1984.Google Scholar

²¹ The proportion of all women married before the age of 15 years had declined from 29% in 1975 to 12% in 1979.Google Scholar

²² See the pioneering study in this field by Lerner, Daniel in The Passing of Traditional Societies (Glencoe, Ill., 1958).Google Scholar

²³ World Bank, World Development Report, 1983 (Washington D.C.).Google Scholar

²⁴ Government of Pakistan, Economic Survey 1986–87, Economic Adviser's Wing, Finance Division, Islamabad.Google Scholar

²⁵ Government of Pakistan, Hand Book of Population Census Data (Population Census Organization, Statistics Division, Islamabad).Google Scholar

²⁶ Farooqui, M. N. I. and Razzaque, Rukanuddin A., Internal Migration in Pakistan (National Institute of Population Studies, Islamabad, 1986).Google Scholar

²⁷ World Development Report, 1987 (published by the World Bank, Oxford Press, 1987).Google Scholar

²⁸ These figures are according to the United States Committee for Refugees, 1984.Google Scholar

²⁹ ‘Assembly Condemns Attacks on Refugee Camps, Supports UNRWA Activities’, UN Chronicle, September 1984.Google Scholar

³⁰ See Forsythe, David's ‘The Palestinian Question: Dealing with a Long-Term Refugee Situation’, The Annals of American Political and Social Science 467 (05 1983), for a discussion of self-determination among Palestinian refugees and the political, social and economic consequences of the Palestinian problem.Google Scholar

³¹ Rubinstein, Alvin, ‘Afghanistan at War’, Current History 85 (03 1986), p. 117.Google Scholar

³² Menemencioglu, Ekber, ‘Self-Reliance as a Short-Term Solution’, Refugees 16 (04 1985), a publication of the United Nations High Commission for Refugees (UNHCR).Google Scholar

³³ Zia ul Haq interview with the UNHCR, 7 November 1984.Google Scholar

³⁴ Girardet, Edward, ‘Urban Refugees in Peshawar’, Refugees 27 (03 1986).Google Scholar

³⁵ For an analysis of the refugee population in Pakistan see The State of Population in Pakistan (published by the Pakistan National Institute of Population Studies, Islamabad, 1988), p. 238.Google Scholar

³⁶ Chambers, Robert, ‘Hidden Losers? The Impact of Rural Refugees and Refugee Programs on Poorer Hosts’, International Migration Review 20, 2 (Summer 1986), p. 249.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

³⁷ A similar impact of refugees on local food supplies was evident in the Eastern Province of Zambia in 1965. In this case the influx of Mozambiquan refugees coincided with the ‘hungry season’ of the rains before harvest. Zambians, who shared their food with refugees, were themselves vulnerable to shortages and relied on refugee assistance to stave off starvation. The resulting shortages caused food prices to rise which benefited prosperous farmers but undermined subsistence farmers and landless laborers who were forced to buy goods. The same phenomenon occurred from 1961 to 1967 in Zaire with the influx of Angolan refugees.Google Scholar

³⁸ Christensen, Hanna, ‘Sustaining Afghan Refugees in Pakistan: Report on the Food Situation and Related Aspects’, Report No. 83.3, United Nations Research Institute for Social Development, Geneva.Google Scholar

³⁹ Other refugee crises have resulted in similar problems. At Wad el Hiliewn in the Sudan in 1975, the Eritrean refugee crisis depressed the daily wage rate by 30%. For the Suki settlement, also in the Sudan (1979), wages for refugees were even less and reached as little as 50% of the normal daily wage. In 1975 at the Katumba settlement in Tanzania the wage rate was reported to have been driven down by nearly 45% due to the influx of refugees.Google Scholar

⁴⁰ Anderson, John, ‘Doing Paktu: Social Organization of the Chilzai Paktun’, Doctoral dissertation for the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, 1979.Google Scholar