I am indebted to Mr Peter Rees for allowing me to borrow the papers of his father, the late Major-General T. W. ‘Pete’ Rees, for two and a half months. Major-General Rees died in 1959. His papers on the partition period, which ran to 1,200 xeroxed sheets, have been duplicated and are in the library at Sussex University. I am also very grateful to General Sir Rob Lockhart and Major-General D. C. Hawthorn for interviews; to General Sir Frank Messervy, Sir Francis Mudie and Lt.-Col. P. S. Mitcheson for taking the trouble to answer my letters; and to Dr P. D. Reeves for much help and advice. I, of course, am solely responsible for errors of fact or interpretation in this paper.

¹ Press release, quoted in The Times, London, 7 July 1947, p. 3.Google Scholar

² Wainwright, Mary Doreen, ‘Keeping the Peace in India, 1946–7: the Role of Lt-Gen. Sir Francis Tuker in Eastern Command’, in Philips, and Wainwright, (eds), The Partition of India, Policies and Perspectives, 1935–47 (London: George Allen and Unwin, Ltd, 1970), p. 129, says Tuker had 120,000–140,000 men in Eastern Command, which included Bengal, Assam, Orissa, the United Provinces and, from August 1947, part of the Punjab. Sir Rob Lockhart estimated that there were more than half a million men in Southern Command, which included the Central Provinces. The addition of Western and Northern Commands would push the figure near the million mark, but with the confusion of demobilization and impending independence, this can only be an approximation.Google Scholar

³ See SirTuker, Francis, While Memory Serves (London: Cassell, 1950), p. 653, for a table outlining the communal composition of infantry regiments.Google Scholar Also, Cohen, Stephen P., The Indian Army, Its Contribution to the Development of a Nation (Bombay: Oxford University Press, 1971), p. 42.Google Scholar

⁴ Wainwright, , ‘Keeping the Peace’, p. 130.Google Scholar

⁵ The Times, 12 July 1947, p. 4.Google Scholar

⁶ In this respect, Pakistan was perhaps more fortunate than India. The Pakistan army took over Northern Command headquarters in Rawalpindi, but army headquarters in New Delhi were still occupied on 15 August by the Supreme Commander (as Auchinleck became after independence) and his staff. The army of independent India had to make temporary arrangements until the Supreme Commander was able to move. The preparations of the new army of India were by no means elaborate: Lockhart, the commander-designate, did not arrive in New Delhi until 14 August from the North-West Frontier Province where he had just relinquished the governorship.

⁷ SirAuchinleck, Claude, ‘The British-Indian Army: The Last Phase’, Asiatic Review, Vol. 44, 10 1948, p. 360.Google Scholar

⁸ Rees Papers [hereafter RP], Lt-Gen. Frank Messervy, GOC Northern Command, ‘Some Remarks on the Disturbances in the Northern Punjab’, n.d. [March], mimeographed. For a general discussion of ‘aid to the civil’, see Cohen, Indian Army, pp. 127–32.Google Scholar

⁹ The jatha organization which the Sikhs used so effectively in 1947 originated as the guerilla response of the Sikhs to the Moghul repressions of the Eighteenth Century. I am indebted to Dr W. H. McLeod and his paper, ‘The Evolution of the Sikh Community’ read at Sussex University, 26 May 1970, for much background information concerning the Sikhs.Google Scholar

¹⁰ See, for example, Barrier, Norman G., ‘The Arya Samaj and Congress Politics in the Punjab, 1894–1908’, Journal of Asian Studies, Vol. XXVI, No. 305 1967, pp. 363–79.CrossRefGoogle Scholar Barrier concludes: ‘The four decades between 1907 and 1947 were marked by communal unrest and occasional improvement of Hindu-Muslim relations, but the seeds of religious rivalry and communal organization which were to bear fruit in the partition had been decisively sown [in 1907–8].’ It is also worth pointing out that the crime statistics of the Government of India—unreliable though they may have been—showed the Punjab as having more crimes of violence than any other province. India Year Book, 1945–6 (Bombay: Bennett, Coleman and Co. Ltd, 1946), p. 454.Google Scholar

¹¹ Keesings Contemporary Archives [hereafter Keesings], Vol. VI, p. 8489. There has been some confusion in secondary sources about the sequence of events in February and March.Google Scholar

¹² Moon, Penderel, Divide and Quit (London: Chatto & Windus, 1964), p. 77.Google Scholar

¹³ Khosla, G. D., Stern Reckoning (New Delhi: Bhawnani & Sons, Connaught Place, n.d. [1951?]), p. 140;Google ScholarStephens, Ian, Pakistan (London: Ernest Benn, Ltd, revised ed, 1964), p. 143, doubts the story of Tara Singh at the legislature, but Moon, Divide and Quit, p. 77, accepts it.Google Scholar Khosla's is a semi-official Indian account of partition in the Punjab. For the statements of other groups involved, see: Muslim League Attacks on Sikhs and Hindus in the Punjab (Amritsar: SGPC, 1950);Google ScholarNote on the Sikh Plan (Lahore: Government Printing Press, 1948);Google ScholarThe Sikhs in Action (Lahore: Government Printing Press, 1948);Google ScholarThe R.S.S. in the Punjab (Lahore: Government Printing Press, 1948).Google Scholar

¹⁴ Moon, , Divide and Quit, p. 79, claims these figures were an underestimate.Google ScholarKhosla, , Stern Reckoning, p. 112, says that 2,263 non-Muslims were killed in Rewalpindi district alone.Google Scholar

¹⁵ RP, ‘Interview with Maj. Short’, 18 September 1947, meeting notes, typewritten. See also Moon, Divide and Quit, p. 82.Google Scholar

¹⁶ RP, ‘Remarks on the Punjab Disturbances, No. 2’, 24 March 1947, mimeographed.

¹⁷ RP, ‘Some Remarks on the Disturbances in the Northern Punjab’, n.d., mimeographed. See also Moon, Divide and Quit, p. 79.Google Scholar

¹⁸ Times of India, Bombay, 10 July 1947, p. 5.Google Scholar

¹⁹ Rees, Major-General T. W., ‘Report on the Punjab Boundary Force’ (New Delhi: 1947 [mimeographed]), p. 31 [hereafter, ‘Report’].Google Scholar

²⁰ Keesings, p. 8634.Google Scholar

²¹ Times of India, 14 July 1947, p. 1.Google Scholar See also the conciliatory remarks of Mian Mumtaz Mohammad Khan Daultana of Lahore, Times of India, 10 July 1947, p. 5,Google Scholar and of the president of the All-India Mazhbi Sikh Federation, Times of India, 8 July 1947, p. 3.Google Scholar As spokesman for the organization of untouchable Sikhs, he spoke optimistically of the prospects of living in Pakistan.

²² Menon, V. P., The Transfer of Power in India (Bombay: Orient Longmans, 1968), p. 386. Also, Keesings, p. 8634.Google Scholar

²³ Times of India, 10 July 1947, p. 5.Google Scholar

²⁴ Singh, Khushwant, A History of the Sikhs, Vol. II (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1966), pp. 272–3.Google Scholar

²⁵ Ibid., p. 273.

²⁶ Hodson, H. V., The Great Divide (London: Hutchinson, 1969), p. 342, quotes Jenkins's appraisal.Google Scholar

²⁷ RP, ‘A Note on the Communal and Political Situation in the Punjab’, 23 July 1947, mimeographed.

²⁸ Times of India, 19 July 1947, p. 1.Google Scholar

²⁹ Times of India, 22 July 1947, p. 7.Google Scholar

³⁰ RP, ‘Control of Boundary Force’, 17 July 1947, a typed order, signed by Auchinleck: ‘Troops to be drawn as far as possible equally from Armies of both Dominions and to consist again as far as possible of units of mixed composition, that is, units containing both Muslims and non-Muslim units.’ The traditional ‘aid to the civil’ principle had emphasized the danger of using ‘troops of one class or religion in quelling a riot by the same class.’ Cohen, Indian Army, p. 129.Google Scholar

³¹ RP, ‘Extract from the Minutes of Meeting of Partition Council held on Thursday, 17th July, 1947’. Auchinleck was the speaker.

³² Letter from Lt-Col. P. S. Mitcheson to the writer, 27 June 1970. Mitcheson was Rees's chief staff officer.

³³ Azad, Maulana Abul Kalam, India Wins Freedom (Bombay: Orient Longmans, 1967, 1st edition, 1959), pp. 170–1.Google Scholar

³⁴ RP, Mudie to Rees, 31 August 1947.

³⁵ RP, Rees to Brigade Commanders, 9 August 1947.

³⁶ Connell, John, Auchinleck (London: Cassell, 1959), p. 610.Google Scholar

³⁷ Masters, John, The Road Past Mandalay (New York: Bantam Books, 1963), p. 285.Google ScholarRees figures prominently in the last chapters. The Times, 17 October 1959, pp. 1 and 10, contains the Rees obituary. Rees was a good linguist who spoke Hindustani and Welsh. He occasionally took rough notes in the latter language, presumably to prevent them from being read by others.Google Scholar

³⁸ Campbell-Johnson, Alan, Mission with Mountbatten (Bombay: Jaico Publishing Company, 1951), p. 148.Google Scholar

³⁹ Connell, Auchinleck, p. 901.Google Scholar The division has been described as ‘one of the finest and greatest fighting divisions of the War.’ Majdalany, F., Casino—Portrait of a Battle,Google Scholar quoted in Dalvi, J. P., Himalayan Blunder (New Delhi: Hind Pocket Books, n.d.), p. 172.Google Scholar

⁴⁰ RP, ‘Order of Battle’.

⁴¹ Rees, , ‘Report’, p. 1. Also Tuker, While Memory Serves, p. 447, where it is stated that all six battalions in 11 Brigade were at half strength.Google Scholar

⁴² RP, ‘Supply Sit[uation]—Lahore 23 Aug ‘47’. The typewritten sheet states: ‘Total PBF (7 Bdes [Brigades]) 23,000’. The same document shows 66,000 troops in the army's Lahore Area, but the other 43,000 were not under Rees's command, nor were they part of the Boundary Force.

⁴³ Hodson, , The Great Divide, p. 490.Google ScholarEdwardes, Michael, The Last Years of British India (London: Mentor Books, 1967), p. 226.Google ScholarMosley, Leonard, The Last Days of the British Raj (Bombay: Jaico Publishing House, 1968, 1st edition, 1961), p. 251.Google ScholarTerraine, John, The Life and Times of Lord Mountbatten (London: Arrow Books, 1970, 1st edition, 1968), p. 204.Google Scholar Even Mountbatten does not appear to have been aware of the precise strength and constitution of the Force.

⁴⁴ Rees, , ‘Report’, p. 1.Google Scholar

⁴⁵ Campbell-Johnson, , Mission with Mountbatten, p. 147.Google Scholar

⁴⁶ Rees, , ‘Report’, p. 1.Google Scholar

⁴⁷ The Times, 4 August 1947, p. 4. Tuker, While Memory Serves, pp. 441–50, contains the report of a junior officer who was with 11 Brigade at Jullundur.Google Scholar

⁴⁸ Tuker, While Memory Serves, pp. 442–3.Google Scholar

⁴⁹ The Times, 4 August 1947, p. 4.Google Scholar

⁵⁰ Tuker, , While Memory Serves, p. 444.Google Scholar

⁵¹ RP, ‘Extract from the Minutes of Meeting of Partition Council held on Thursday, 17 th July, 1947’.

⁵² RP, rough notes.

⁵³ RP, typed notes, prepared for a conference with brigade commanders on 4 August.

⁵⁴ RP, Log, 16 August 1947.

⁵⁵ RP, copy of telegram, ‘PBF-Supremind [Supreme Commander]’, 16 August 1947.

⁵⁶ Rees, , ‘Report’, p. 29.Google Scholar

⁵⁷ RP, rough notes.

⁵⁸ RP, Wheeler to Rees, 20 August 1947.

⁵⁹ RP, Stuart to Rees, 27 August 1947.

⁶⁰ RP, ‘Civil Authorities' Report’, n.d., mimeographed.

⁶¹ RP, ‘Finch File’.

⁶² RP, typed notes prepared for a conference with brigade commanders on 4 August.

⁶³ Times of India, 5 August 1947, p. 6.Google Scholar

⁶⁴ Times of India, 6 August 1947, p. 6.Google Scholar

⁶⁵ The Times, 7 August 1947, p. 4.Google Scholar

⁶⁶ RP, ‘Sitreps [Situation Reports]’, Punjab Boundary Force to Indian Army–headquarters, 10 August 1947.

⁶⁷ Rees, , ‘Report’, p. 7.Google Scholar

⁶⁸ RP, Log, 6 August 1947.Google Scholar

⁶⁹ RP, Rees to Brigade Commanders, 7 August 1947.Google Scholar

⁷⁰ RP, Stuart to Rees, 10 August 1947.Google Scholar

⁷¹ Moon, , Divide and Quit, pp. 80–1.Google Scholar

⁷² RP, ‘Sitreps’, 9 and 10 August 1947. The incident was also an indication of the excellent intelligence system of the communal gangs. See The Times, 15 August 1947, p. 4.Google Scholar Also, Singh, Khushwant, Train to Pakistan (Bombay: Pearl Publications Private Ltd, 1967, 1st edition, 1956), p. 141, for a dramatised illustration of how information was obtained. The Boundary Force's intelligence had gone dry: ‘Sources which had eagerly responded to questions… were now loth to tell our men anything whatever.’Google ScholarTuker, , While Memory Serves, p. 404.Google Scholar

⁷³ ‘Zindie’, ‘Four Days of Freedom’, Blackwood's Magazine, Vol. 263, 02 1948, pp. 81–2.Google Scholar ‘Zindie’ was Harrington Hawes, secretary to the Agent for the Punjab States. See also The Times, 25 August 1947, where Hawes's story is briefly told.

⁷⁴ ‘Zindie’, ‘Four Days’, pp. 81–91, gives a detailed account of the derailment of a refugee train.Google Scholar

⁷⁵ Lt-Col. Stevens, G. R., History of the Fourth Indian Division (Toronto: McLaren and Son, Ltd, 1950), p. 407.Google Scholar

⁷⁶ Tuker, , While Memory Serves, p. 447.Google Scholar

⁷⁷ Times of India, 30 August 1947, pp. 1 and 7.Google Scholar

⁷⁸ RP, ‘Notes on Conference at H.Q. PBF on 11 Aug 47’.

⁷⁹ RP, ‘PBF O [perational] O[rder] No. 1', 7 August 1947.

⁸⁰ Roth, Andrew, ‘On the Sikh-Muslim Frontier’, The Nation, 20 September 1947, p. 281, writes of the attack on the Punjab Mail in Faridkot state on 24 August.Google Scholar

⁸¹ Ibid., p. 282.

⁸² Stephens, , Pakistan, pp. 135–6, suggests that the best of potential Sikh leaders were constantly drawn into more lucrative professions than politics. The Sikhs, too, had enjoyed special privileges from the British which discouraged constitutional political activity.Google ScholarMountbatten, Lord, ‘Lord Mountbatten and His Viceroyalty’, Asiatic Review, Vol. 44, October 1948, p. 349, acknowledged that he was taken aback when he discovered that, in calling for partition, the Sikhs were ‘proposing to bisect themselves into two almost equal halves.’ He continued: ‘I naturally assumed that the Sikhs knew what they were about⃜I was greatly surprised⃜’Google Scholar

⁸³ Rees, , ‘Report’, p. 21.Google Scholar By 25 August the Force's map of Amritsar district showed 100 Sikh attacks on Muslim villages and seven Muslim attacks on Sikh villages. The Times, 25 August 1947, p. 5, and Roth, , ‘Sikh-Muslim Frontier’, p. 282. For similar opinions of the Sikh role in August, see: The Times, 5 September 1947, p. 4; Edwardes, The Last Years, p. 227; Tuker, While Memory Serves, pp. 403–4; ‘Zindie’, ‘Four Days’, p. 91; Mountbatten in Hodson, The Great Divide, p. 412;Google Scholar Robert Trumbull, New York Times, 7 September 1947, in Schechtman, J. B., The Refugee in the World (New York: A. S. Barnes and Co., 1963), p. 98;Google Scholar Nehru to Gandhi, 22 August 1947, in Pyarelal, , Mahatma Gandhi: The Last Phase, Vol. II (Ahmedabad: Navajivan Publishing House, 1958), p. 384: ‘The present trouble started about three weeks ago in Amritsar rural areas. The Sikhs were the aggressors. Within a week Lahore retaliated, the Muslims being the aggressors. Since then it has spread on both sides, perhaps more so in East Punjab where well-armed bands, chiefly Sikh, partly Hindu, had been roaming about and attacking predominantly Muslim villages.’Google Scholar

⁸⁴ RP, ‘A Note on the Political Situation in the Punjab’, n.d. [May], mimeographed, [‘By Lt.-Col. John Young’, written in Pencil].

⁸⁵ RP, ‘A Note on the Communal and Political Situation in the Punjab. Appx ‘A’ to Lahore Op. Instr. N. 6’, 23 July 1947, mimeographed.

⁸⁶ Jenkins to Mountbatten, 10 July 1947, reporting a conversation with Giani Kartar Singh, quoted in Khan, Mohamed Raza, What Price Freedom (Madras: Nuri Press, 1969), p. 278.Google Scholar

⁸⁷ Nehru to Gandhi, 25 August 1947, quoted in Pyarelal, Mahatma Gandhi, p. 385.Google Scholar ‘Their logic’, Nehru continued, ‘is not very good, but there is little doubt that many of them have vague hopes that something advantageous to them might happen if trouble continued’.

⁸⁸ RP, typewritten, 28 July 1947.

⁸⁹ RP, ‘Interview with Maj. Short’.

⁹⁰ Ibid. See also The Times, 27 August 1947, p. 5, and Roth, ‘Sikh-Muslim Frontier’, p. 282. Mohan Singh, one of the founders of the founders of the Indian National Army and an associate of Niranjan Singh Gill, was asked in an interview whether he was connected with the jathas; he denied any connection.

⁹¹ The Times, 27 August 1947, p. 4.Google Scholar

⁹² RP, 5 Brigade to Rees, 16 August 1947, letter and enclosures.

⁹³ Singh, Khushwant, History of the Sikhs, II, p. 273n.Google Scholar

⁹⁴ Ibid., p. 145n.

⁹⁵ Rees, , ‘Report’, p. 10.Google Scholar

⁹⁶ Ibid.

⁹⁷ RP, rough notes. As early as 16 August, 5 Brigade reported that ‘it is understood that Lt.-Col. NIRANJAN SINGH GILL is now trying to suppress Sikh activities under orders from the Akali Panthic Committee Leaders.’ RP, 5 Brigade to Rees, 16 August 1947, letter and enclosures. On 20 August, after a telephone conversation with Giani Kartar Singh, who was planning a peace tour, Rees noted: ‘Giani will do his very best’. RP, rough notes.

⁹⁸ Nehru to Gandhi, 25 August 1947, quoted in Pyarelal, Mahatma Gandhi, p. 385.Google Scholar

⁹⁹ Times of India, 29 August 1947, p. 1.Google Scholar

¹⁰⁰ RP, Log, 21 August 1947. The Times, 20 August 1947, p. 3, reported 70,000 refugees in Lahore on the previous day. On 22 August, Ian Morrison, The Times correspondent, wrote that ‘a vast transfer of populations’ had begun. The Times, 23 August 1947, p. 4. Morrison, an experienced war reporter, was later killed in Korea.Google Scholar

¹⁰¹ RP, typed notes, 13 August 1947.

¹⁰² RP, Log, 20 August 1947.

¹⁰³ RP, typed notes, 15 August 1947.

¹⁰⁴ Rees, , ‘Report’, p. 31.Google Scholar

¹⁰⁵ Ibid., p. 30.

¹⁰⁶ The Times, 5 September 1947, p. 4. datelined 3 September. Descriptions of refugee columns emphasized the discipline and organization of the Sikhs and the disarray of the Muslims. See Mountbatten in Hodson, The Great Divide, p. 411;Google ScholarIsmay, Lord, Memoirs (London: Heineman, 1960), p. 441;Google ScholarMoon, , Divide and Quit, pp. 121–2.Google Scholar

¹⁰⁷ The Times, 30 July 1947, p. 3.Google Scholar

¹⁰⁸ RP, Log, 10 August 1947.

¹⁰⁹ Ibid.

¹¹⁰ Rees, , ‘Report’, p. 3.Google Scholar

¹¹¹ Ibid., p. 4.

¹¹² Ibid., p. 14.

¹¹³ RP, Gurbachan Singh to Rees, 20 August 1947.

¹¹⁴ RP, Mudie to Rees, 23 August 1947.

¹¹⁵ RP, ‘Order of Battle’, 25 August 1947.

¹¹⁶ The other advisers were Brigadier Ayub Khan, later president of Pakistan, Brigadier Hasir Ahmed and Brigadier D. S. Brar, a Sikh.

¹¹⁷ Evans, Humphrey, Thimayya of India: A Soldier's Life (New York: Harcourt, Brace and Company, 1960), p. 250.Google Scholar

¹¹⁸ Ibid.

¹¹⁹ Tuker, , While Memory Serves, p. 441, claims that such liaison had been built up with British civil officers, but that they were replaced by Indians and Pakistanis shortly before 15 August.Google Scholar

¹²⁰ RP, Log, 14 August 1947.

¹²¹ RP, Log, 29 August 1947.

¹²² Rees, , ‘Report’, p. 34.Google Scholar

¹²³ RP, Rees to Brigade Commanders, 9 August 1947.

¹²⁴ RP, ‘Supply Sit—Lahore 23 Aug'47’, This rate of consumption was an increase of 5,000 gallons a day over July.

¹²⁵ New York Times Schechtman, The Refugee in the World, p. 103. Tuker, While Memory Serves, p. 389, also discusses the transport problem.Google Scholar

¹²⁶ Moon, , Divide and Quit, p. 95.Google Scholar

¹²⁷ Times of India, 2 August 1947, p. 7.Google Scholar

¹²⁸ RP, ‘Sitrep’, 17 August 1947, from 5 Brigade.

¹²⁹ Times of India, 30 August 1947, p. 1.Google Scholar

¹³⁰ Rees, , ‘Report’, p. 27.Google Scholar

¹³¹ Ibid.

¹³² RP, ‘PBF O.O. I’, 30 July 1947, mimeographed.Google Scholar

¹³³ Rees, , ‘Report’, p. 27.Google Scholar

¹³⁴ RP, ‘4 Div Operation Instr No. 2’, 29 May 1947, mimeographed.

¹³⁵ Keesings, p. 8773.Google Scholar

¹³⁶ Tuker, , While Memory Serves, pp. 446 and 449, Roth, ‘Sikh-Muslim Frontier’, p. 280.Google Scholar

¹³⁷ The Times, 25 August 1947, p. 5; Rees, ‘Report,’ p. 19.Google Scholar

¹³⁸ The Times, 25 August 1947.

¹³⁹ Rees, , ‘Report’, p. 27.Google Scholar

¹⁴⁰ RP, Stuart to Rees, 10 August 1947.

¹⁴¹ Rees, , ‘Report’, p. 12.Google Scholar

¹⁴² Tuker, , While Memory Serves, pp. 430–4.Google Scholar

¹⁴³ RP, Rees to Auchinleck, 17 August 1947, wrote: ‘We are having heavy communal propaganda levelled at our officers and men as well as against us as soldiers⃜’

¹⁴⁴ Rees, , ‘Report’, p. 25.Google Scholar

¹⁴⁵ Ibid., p. 34.

¹⁴⁶ Hodson, , The Great Divide, p. 408.Google Scholar

¹⁴⁷ Rees, , ‘Report’, p. 16.Google Scholar

¹⁴⁸ RP, rough notes.

¹⁴⁹ RP, rough notes.

¹⁵⁰ Campbell-Johnson, , Mission with Mountbatten, p. 144.Google Scholar

¹⁵¹ Ibid.

¹⁵² Hodson, , The Great Divide, p. 408.Google Scholar

¹⁵³ Times of India, 26 August 1947, p. 1; Campbell-Johnson, Mission with Mountbatten, p. 145.Google Scholar

¹⁵⁴ RP, ‘Sitreps’, 26 August 1947, from 14 Brigade.

¹⁵⁵ The Times, 29 August 1947, p. 4.Google Scholar

¹⁵⁶ Ibid.

¹⁵⁷ RP, rough notes.Google Scholar

¹⁵⁸ RP, rough notes.Google Scholar

¹⁵⁹ Campbell-Johnson, , Mission with Mountbatten, p. 149.Google Scholar

¹⁶⁰ Hodson, , The Great Divide, p. 409, states incorrectly that the Force was wound up from midnight 31 August/1September.Google Scholar

¹⁶¹ ‘Governor General's Personal Report, No. 1’, quoted in Ibid.

¹⁶² Connell, , Auchinleck, P. 909Google Scholar

¹⁶³ The Times, 30 August 1947, p. 3.Google Scholar

¹⁶⁴ Stevens, , Fourth Indian Division, p. 413.Google Scholar

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¹⁶⁷ Two British officers were killed by other troops of the Boundary Force in a confused incident near the Golden Temple in Amritsar. An ‘In Memoriam’ for another British officer, killed near Amritsar on 31 August, appeared in The Times, 24 December 1969.Google Scholar

¹⁶⁸ Khosla, , Stern Reckoning, p. 15.Google Scholar

¹⁶⁹ Rai, Satya M., Partition of the Punjab (London: Asia Publishing House, 1965), p. 75.Google Scholar

¹⁷⁰ Mosley, , The Last Days, p. 268.Google Scholar

¹⁷¹ Lumby, E. W. R., The Transfer of Power in India, 1945–7 (London: George Allen & Unwin Ltd, 1954), p. 265.Google Scholar

¹⁷² Wainwright, , ‘Keeping the Peace’, p. 147.Google Scholar

¹⁷³ RP, ‘Some Remarks on the Disturbances in the Northern Punjab’, mimeographed.Google Scholar

¹⁷⁴ The Times, 9 July 1947, p. 3.Google Scholar

¹⁷⁵ Jenkins to Mountbatten, 10 July 1947, quoted in Raza Khan, What Price Freedom, p. 278.Google Scholar

¹⁷⁶ Nehru, , cited in Schechtman, The Refugee in the World, p. 108.Google Scholar

¹⁷⁷ Moon, , Divide and Quit, p. 293.Google Scholar

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