¹ Of particular interest are the following articles: Rudolph, S. H., ‘The Princely States of Rajputana: Ethic, Authority and Structure’, Indian Journal of Political Science, 24 (01, 1963), pp. 14–32;Google Scholar

L. I., and Rudolph, S. H., ‘Rajputana under British Paramountcy: The Failure of Indirect Rule’, Journal of Modern History, XXXVIII (06, 1966), pp. 138–60;Google Scholar

and L. I., and Rudolph, S. H., ‘The Political Modernization of an Indian Feudal Order: An Analysis of Rajput Adaptation in Rajasthan’, Journal of Social Issues, XXIV (10 1968), pp. 93–128.Google Scholar

See also Sisson, R., The Congress Party in Rajasthan: Political Integration and Institution-Building in an Indian State (Berkeley, 1972).Google Scholar

² Washbrook, D. A., ‘Political Change in Madras Presidency 1880–1921’, Ph.D. thesis (Cambridge, 1973), pp. 140 ff.Google Scholar

³ Stein, B.,‘Integration of the Agrarian System of South India’, in Frykenberg, R. E. (ed.), Land Control and Social Structure in Indian History (Madison, 1969), pp. 175–216. An extended version of this argument will appear as a monograph in the near future.Google Scholar

⁴ For a discussion of the various levels of social organisation within these categories, see Manor, J., ‘The Evolution of Political Arenas and Units of Social Organisation: The Lingayats and Vokkaligas of Princely Mysore’, in Srinivas, M. N. (ed.), Aspects of Change in India (Bangalore, 1973).Google Scholar

The economic and social structures in rural Mysore contributed to the survival of the discontinuity between the state and local arenas of politics in that they tended not to throw up leaders with power in supralocal arenas. Land holdings tended to be small and the state had one of the highest proportions of owner-cultivators in the sub-continent. Great zamindars with influence over wide areas were almost unknown in princely Mysore. The economic integration of some local arenas with market towns via road and rail had begun to gain momentum in the 1930s, but this process did not become a general phenomenon until after 1947. Social linkages tended to remain congruent with the rather localized economic ties and, until the late 1940s and early 1950s, marriage networks among almost all Lingayats and Vokkaligas extended no further than a day's walk from home. (More recently, the extension of these networks has become much more common in response to the growing importance of supra-local political and economic arenas.) Until Indian independence, then, the most crucial political, economic and social unit for Mysore's landed élite was spatially quite small.Google Scholar

⁵ This figure is extrapolated from the data in the 1891 census:Google Scholar

Census of India, 1891, XXV (Bangalore, 1893), 4, p. 80.Google Scholar

See also Ananthakrishna, Iyer L. K., The Mysore Tribes and Castes, II (Bangalore, 1928), pp. 47–73.Google Scholar

⁶ Lee-Warner, W. to The Times, 18 08 1897, Lee-Warner papers, file 31 Mss. Eur. F.92, India Office Library, London [IOL].Google Scholar

⁷ Crown Representative's Records, Section 29 file 2771, IOL; and Ismail, M. M., My Public Life, Recollections and Reflections of Sir Mirza Ismail (London, 1954), p. 35.Google Scholar

Of the more progressive of the other major princely states, Travancore never trained young princes in administration and Baroda did so only very rarely. I am grateful to Robin Jeffrey for information on Travancore. On Baroda, see Gaisford to Fitze, 25 Feburary 1943, Crown Representative's Records Section 29 file 2658, IOL.Google Scholar

⁸ See the eulogy for Dewan Sir Seshadri Iyer by the President of the Indian National Congress at the Calcutta session in 1901,Google Scholar

in Dutt, K. I., Congress Cyclopaedia, I (New Delhi, n.d.), p. 151.Google Scholar

⁹ Report of the Committee on Constitutional Reform, 1939 (Bangalore, 1939).Google Scholar

¹⁰ Crown Representative's Records, Section 29 file 1150, IOL; Ismail, , My Public Life, p. 27.Google Scholar

¹¹ Fortnightly report, 30 January 1925, Crown Representative's Records, Section 29 file 1150, IOL.Google Scholar

¹² Hindu, 1 June 1936.Google Scholar

¹³ The best examples of this are the two great Dewans of twentieth century Mysore, Sir M. Visvesvaraya and Sir Mirza Ismail. Among Sir Mirza's most cherished possessions was a photograph of Gandhi with the Mirza family during one of his visits to Mysore: interview with Humayun Mirza, Bangalore, 18 August 1972. See also: Mirza Ismail papers, the Mirza-Gandhi correspondence, Nehru Memorial Museum Library, New Delhi [NMML]; M. Visvesvaraya papers, Institute of Kannada Studies, Mysore University, on his appointment to the Congress National Planning Committee;Google Scholar

Visvesvaraya, M., Memoirs of My Working Life (Bangalore, 1951),Google Scholar

especially chapter 16; and Mirza, to Nehru, , 29 October 1937, AICC papers file G.88 of 1937, NMML.Google Scholar

¹⁴ Both the Maharaja Krishnaraja Wadiyar IV, who ruled from 1902 to 1940, and SirMirza, Ismail, Dewan from 1926 to 1941, were unsympathetic to the idea of popular sovereignty: interviews with Humayun Mirza, Bangalore, 2 August 1971 and 22 October 1972 and with D. V. Gundappa, Bangalore, 14 April 1971.Google Scholar

See also: Fraser, S., ‘Mysore: The Old Era and the New’, The Asiatic Review, XXXIX (04 1943), the quotation from a letter from the Maharaja, p. 205;Google Scholar

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¹⁵ Washbrook, D. A. ‘Political Change in Madras Presidency’, passim.Google Scholar

¹⁶ Mysore Residency Records file 6 of 1895, Serial 263 Box 29, IOL.Google Scholar

¹⁷ Reddy, C. R., papers file 45 of 1917, NMML, and interview with M. R. Mehkri, Bangalore, 4 December 1972.Google Scholar

¹⁸ Reddy, C. R., papers file 95 of 1917, NMML.Google Scholar

¹⁹ Evans, L. G. L. (former officiating Resident in Mysore) to the author, 14 March 1972.Google Scholar

²⁰ Gundappa, D. V., Jnapaka Chitrasale, iv, Mysuru Dewanaru (Swatantra Poorvada Aru Dashekagalu) (Mysore, 1971), pp. 215–35;Google Scholar

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²¹ This personal dimension affected public affairs in a number of smaller ways. The Maharaja was an extremely devout Hindu and, as a result, was very reluctant to see the autonomy of Hindu temples and maths (monasteries) threatened. His Dewan during most of these years, Sir Mirza Ismail, was a Muslim who was, not surprisingly, anxious to avoid accusations of meddling in Hindu religious affairs. From these two very personal facts developed the princely government's tendency to be much more cautious than the Madras government, particularly after 1920, in interfering with temple politics. Thus a highly important facet of local politics remained largely outside the purview of the state political system. Muzrai bundle 1934–35, No's. 181–270 file 244–24, Mysore State Archive [MSA];Google Scholar

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²² Notes by SirDonald, Robertson, Resident in Mysore, 1903, p. 10, in Crown Representative's Records, Section 22 file 37, IOL.Google Scholar

²³ Interview with Dutt, K. Guru, Bangalore, 26 ay 1972.Google Scholar

²⁴ Mysore Residency Records; R. file No 218 of 1941, Residency office notes, National Archives of India, New Delhi [NAI].Google Scholar

²⁵ Interview with Dutt, K. Guru, Bangalore, 1 June 1972.Google Scholar

²⁶ Proceedings of the Mysore Representative Assembly (June, 1923), p. 13; Mysore Chronicle, 21 May 1922, pp. 240–1; Hindu, 16 May 1921; interviews with Guru, K. Dutt, Bangalore, 27 July 1972 and 22 September 1972, and with T. N. Kempahonniah, Tumkur, 10 October 1972.Google Scholar

²⁷ I am grateful to L. A. Knight of the University of London for this information.Google Scholar

²⁸ This was a constant complaint of Mysore Dewans. See, for example, fortnightly report, 3 October 1924, Crown Representative's Records, Section 29 file 72, IOL.Google Scholar

²⁹ We might expect the wages paid to the labourers in the government's industries to contribute to the erosion of the discontinuity between state and local levels by filtering through to rural families. This was not the case, however, since most workers in these industries—as well as the itinerant labour of the public works department and on the coffee plantations in western Mysore—were immigrants from outside the state. Most of those who were resident in the state lived in the Kolar Gold Fields and greater Bangalore (including both city and Cantonment) with their Tamil majority populations, their incomes bringing little or no change to the great mass of Kannada speakers on the land. See also Census of India, 1921, XXIII, 2, pp. 253–67.Google Scholar

³⁰ Fortnightly report, 7 December 1923, Crown Representative's Records Section 18 file 59, IOL.Google Scholar

³¹ Interview with Gowdh, H. K. Veeranna, the leader of the march, Bangalore, 3 August 1971.Google Scholar

³² India office notes on Dewan's Assembly address of 7 June 1940, in Political and Secret (Internal) Department, Section 13 file 1302, IOL.Google Scholar

³³ Proceedings of the Mysore Legislative Council (June-July 1935), pp. 48–52; Fortnightly report, 17 July 1922, Crown Representative's Records, Section 18 file 58, IOL.Google Scholar

³⁴ See, for example, Hindu, 12 October 1935, 25 Feburary 1937, 27 March 1937, 30 March 1937.Google Scholar

³⁵ See, for example, The Indian Review, 10 (September 1945), p. 534, and Hindu, 3 April 1937.Google Scholar

³⁶ Supplement to the Statistical Abstract of the Mysore State (From 1917–18 to 1922–23) (Bangalore, 1948), p. 175. See under the heading ‘Contributions’.Google Scholar

³⁷ Report of the Gopala Rao Enquiry Committee (Bangalore, n.d.), pp. 1–25 and 110–40.Google Scholar

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³⁹ Imam, , ‘Mysore Then and Now’, pp. 14–15, and Mysore Chronicle, 30 October 1921, p. 27.Google Scholar

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⁴¹ Hindu, 12 April 1935; the editorial discusses the Mysore Department of Education Report of 1933–1934. See also Imam, , ‘Mysore Then and Now’, pp. 50–2.Google Scholar

⁴² Local Boards bundle for 1936–1937, No's. 1–84, file 48–36, Proceedings of the Hassan District Board, 28 November 1936, MSA.Google Scholar

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⁴⁴ Srikantaiya, S. (ed.), The Krishna Raja Silver Jubilee Souvenir (Bangalore, 1927), p. 55.Google Scholar

⁴⁵ Report of the Committee to Examine the Finances of District Boards in Mysore (Bangalore, 1938), p. 4–5.Google Scholar

⁴⁶ Srikantaiya, , Jubilee Souvenir, p. 55.Google Scholar

⁴⁷ Imam, , ‘Mysore Then and Now’, p. 7.Google Scholar

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⁵¹ Leonard, J. G., ‘Urban Government under the raj: a case study of municipal administration in nineteenth-century south India’, Modern Asian Studies, 7, 2 (April 1973), pp. 227–52.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

⁵² Hindu, 24, 27, 28 and 29 May 1937.Google Scholar

⁵³ Hindu, 22 March 1935, 31 may 1937 and 4 August 1947.Google Scholar

⁵⁴ Witness the difficulty of the Mysore Congress at winning district board presidencies after considerable success in the election of members to the boards, 1940Google ScholarHindu, 26 June 1940.Google Scholar

⁵⁵ Baker, C. J., ‘Political Change in South India, 1917–30’, PhD thesis (Cambridge, 1972), pp. 81–2, 95.Google Scholar

⁵⁶ Report on the Administration of the Madras Presidency for the year 1935–1936, p. 66, and Administration of Mysore 1935–36, pp. 49–50.Google Scholar

⁵⁷ Administration of Madras 1935–36, p. 63 and Administration of Mysore 1935–1936, p. 51.Google Scholar

⁵⁸ Administration of Madras 1935–36, pp. 64–6 and Administration of Mysore 1935–1936, pp. 49–53 and 183–4.Google Scholar

⁵⁹ Baker, C. J., ‘Political Change in South India’, p. 82.Google Scholar

⁶⁰ Administration of Mysore 1935–1936, pp. 52–3 and Finances of District Boards Report, p. 25.Google Scholar

⁶¹ Hindu, 1 March 1935.Google Scholar

⁶² Finances of District Boards Report.Google Scholar

⁶³ Hindu, 12 January 1928.Google Scholar

⁶⁴ Hindu, 31 January 1928.Google Scholar

⁶⁵ Legislative Council Proceedings (June–July, 1936), p. 251.Google Scholar

⁶⁶ Local Boards bundle for 1935–36, file No. 34–35, Report of the working of the Chitaldrug district board, pp. 32–3, MSA; Hindu, 30 March 1937.Google Scholar

⁶⁷ Ibid. Local Boards bundle for 1936–1937, No's 1–84, file No. 48–36, Proceedings of the Hassan district board, 28 November 1936, MSA; Local Boards bundle for 1933–34, file No. 98–33, Letter, President of Hassan district board to Secretary to Development Department, 30 October 1934, MSA; and Finances of District Boards, pp. 10–11.

⁶⁸ Hindu, 12 January 1928.Google Scholar

⁶⁹ Hindu, 1 March 1935, and 5 August 1935.Google Scholar

⁷⁰ Hindu, 29 March 1935.Google Scholar

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⁷² This discussion of district board presidents is based on interviews with former presidents, close relatives of presidents and civil servants. These are Boranna, H. B., Hassan, 12 August 1972; B. P. Nagabhushana, Mysore, 4 July 1972 and the following interviews, all in Bangalore: J. B. Mallaradhya, 17 May 1972; H. G. Balakrishna, 30 July 1972; H. R. Guruva Reddy, 28 July 1972; K. Guru Dutt, 22 September 1972 and J. M. Imam, 31 October 1972.Google Scholar

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⁷⁵ Imam, , ‘Mysore Then and Now’, pp. 1–3.Google Scholar

⁷⁶ Constitutional Developments in Mysore: Report of the Committee to work out details of the scheme (Bangalore, 1923), pp. 155–78.Google Scholar

⁷⁷ This became a constant complaint of Mysore politicians. Hindu, 4 January 1935, and Legislative Council Proceedings (June–July 1936), p. 472.Google Scholar

⁷⁸ Constitutional Developments Report, pp. 113–46 and 179–205.Google Scholar

⁷⁹ In 1910 the Raja of Bobbili was placed on the Executive Council of the Governor of Madras.Google Scholar