¹ Tr. by Gerth, H. H. and Martindale, D. (Glencoe, Ill., Free Press, 1958).Google Scholar This book has been crucial in setting the agenda for the sociological study of India (and especially of ‘modernization’ or ‘Westernization’) in the last twenty-five years. The last chapter, ‘The General Character of Asiatic Religion,’ p. 340Google Scholar, makes it quite clear that Asia excludes the Middle East.

² His global treatment is divided into three volumes. One is entitled ‘Primitive Mythology’. The other two deal with ‘civilization’. One is entitled ‘Occidental Mythology’; the volume on the Orient does include a treatment of the ancient civilizations of the Near East, but takes great pains to show that, very early on, this part of Asia was culturally continuous with the West. It then turns to the true cultural Others of Asia, India and China. First published in 1962 (New York, Viking), it has been reprinted many times, most notably by Penguin.

³ Hegel, G. W F., The Philosophy of History, tr. Sibree, J. (New York: Dover, 1956).Google Scholar

⁴ Cast into outer darkness by Russell, Bertrand (1872–1970)Google Scholar, the logical positivists, and Karl Popper (b. 1902), Hegel, a rationalist and idealist, has had a very bad reputation among the mostly empiricist and realist scholars of Britain and the U.S. in this century. It is, therefore, not implausible to suggest that most Indologists in those countries have probably not read his seminal Philosophy of History. Basham, A. L., The Wonder That Was India (New York: Grove), p. 487Google Scholar, mentions Hegel only in connection with the part his reading of Indian texts may have had in the development of his ‘monism’. He does not, however, refer to him in his discussion of Indology (pp. 4–8). For a brief review of Hegel's views and his treatment earlier in this century, see Cottingham, John, Rationalism (London: Granada, 1984), pp. 91–108.Google Scholar More extensive is the ‘reading’ of Taylor, Charles, Hegel (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1975), especially pp. 389–427.CrossRefGoogle Scholar On Hegel and Indian philosophy, consult Halbfass, Wilhelm, Indien und Europa: Perspektiven ihrer geistigen Begegnung (Basel: Schwabe, 1981), pp. 104–21.Google Scholar

⁵ American Council of Learned Societies; in Britain one would also want to mention the University Grants Committee.

⁶ Social Sciences Research Council; its British counterpart is the recently renamed Economic and Social Science Research Council.

⁷ Basham, , The Wonder That Was India, p. 9.Google Scholar

⁸ Ibid., pp. 122–8.

⁹ Nehru's, Jawaharlal comments on this topic in his, The Discovery of India (London: Meridian Books, 1951), pp. 59, 89–90, 428–9, are most interesting.Google Scholar

¹⁰ New York: Pantheon, 1978.

¹¹ Informative from a Marxian perspective is the review by Irwin, Robert, ‘Writing about Islam and the Arabs,’ Ideology and Consciousness, 9 (Winter, 1981/1982), 103–12.Google Scholar

¹² Renou, Louis, Religions of Ancient India (New York: Schocken Books, 1968).Google Scholar For a brief biography and a bibliography of his works, see Mélanges d'Indianisme à la Mémoire de Louis Renou (Paris: Éditions E. de Boccard, 1968), pp. ix–xxix, 1–5.Google Scholar

¹³ I refer here to the ‘crisis’ precipitated by the historical enquiries of Thomas Kuhn and Paul Feyerabend, among others, into how scientists actually worked. See Hacking, Ian, Representing and Intervening: Introductory Topics in the Philosophy of Natural Science (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983), pp. 1–17, 65–74.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

¹⁴ Freud, Sigmund, On Dreams, tr. Strachey, James (New York: Norton, 1952), pp. 93–6.Google Scholar

¹⁵ Freud, Sigmund, On Dreams, pp. 40–59Google Scholar; his The Interpretation of Dreams, tr. Strachey, J. (New York: Avon, 1965), pp. 312–44.Google Scholar

¹⁶ Freud, , On Dreams, pp. 73–82Google Scholar; his Interpretation, pp. 526–46.Google Scholar

¹⁷ Consult, regarding the utilitarians, Stokes, Eric, The English Utilitarians and India (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1959), pp. 47–80.Google Scholar On Mill's evolutionism, see Burrow, J. W., Evolution and Society (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1970), pp. 27–9, 42–9.Google Scholar

¹⁸ On Jones and the establishment of the Society, see the excellent study of Mukherjee, S. N., Sir William Jones: A Study in Eighteenth-Century British Attitudes to India (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1968), pp. 80–90.Google Scholar

¹⁹ Mouffe, Chantal, ‘Hegemony and Ideology in Gramsci,’ in Gramsci and Marxist Theory, ed. Mouffe, C. (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1979), pp. 168–204, esp. pp. 193–4.Google Scholar

²⁰ (London: J. Madden; Piper, Stephenson and Spence, 1858).

²¹ Basham, A. L., ‘James Mill, Mountstuart Elphinstone and the History of India,’ in Historians of India, Pakistan and Ceylon (London: Oxford University Press, 1961), ed., Philips, C. H., pp. 217–29Google Scholar; and his, ‘Modern Historians of Ancient India,’ in the same volume, pp. 266–74.Google Scholar

²² Burrow, , Evolution and Society, p. 2.Google Scholar

²³ Renou, , Religions, pp. 19–20, 47–8.Google Scholar

²⁴ Ibid., pp. 52–3, 109.

²⁵ Lorenzen, D., ‘Imperialism and the Historiography of Ancient India,’ in India—History and Thought: Essays in Honour of A. L. Basham, ed. Mukherjee, S. N. (Calcutta: Subarnarekha, 1982), p. 86.Google Scholar

²⁶ Le Goff, Jacques, ‘The Medieval West and the Indian Ocean: An Oneiric Horizon,’ in his Time, Work, and Culture in the Middle Ages, tr. Goldhammer, A. (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1980), p. 197.Google Scholar

²⁷ Rau, Heimo, ‘The Image of India in European Antiquity and the Middle Ages,’ India and the West: Proceedings of a Seminar Dedicated to the Memory of Hermann Goetz, ed. Deppert, Joachim (New Delhi: Manohar, 1983), pp. 205–6.Google Scholar

²⁸ Foucault, Michel, Power/Knowledge: Selected Interviews and Other Writings, 1972–1977, ed. Gordon, Colin (New York: Pantheon Books, 1980), p. 82.Google Scholar

²⁹ I have consulted the English translation of Thomas Nugent, The Spirit of the Laws (New York: Haffner, 1949).Google Scholar

³⁰ For a collection of Marx's writings on the subject, see Karl Marx on Colonialism and Modernization, ed. Avineri, Shlomo (New York: Doubleday, 1968), but beware the misleading introduction.Google Scholar

³¹ The most accessible introduction to both ideas is to be found, with references, in Anderson, Perry, Lineages of the Absolutist State (London: Verso, 1979; 1st published in 1974), pp. 462–549.Google Scholar On India itself, see the rather disappointing essays in Contributions to Indian Sociology, IX (Dec., 1966), by Thorner, Daniel, ‘Marx on India and the Asiatic Mode of Production,’ pp. 33–66Google Scholar, and Dumont, Louis, ‘The “Village Community” From Munro to Maine,’ pp. 67–89.Google Scholar

³² Pre-capitalist Modes of Production (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1975), pp. 178–220.Google Scholar

³³ Well worthwhile (and a complement to Said) is the critique, following Hindess and Hirst, of the Asiatic mode in relation to Islam and developmental sociology of Turner, Bryan S., Marx and the End of Orientalism (London: Allen and Unwin, 1978).Google Scholar

³⁴ Asad, Talal, ‘Two European Images of Non-European Rule,’ in Anthropology and the Colonial Encounter, edited by him (London: Ithaca Press, 1973), pp. 103–18Google Scholar, shows how colonialist images of the Islamic states (which they did not rule) emphasized repression, while those of the ‘tribal’ African states (over which they did rule) emphasized consent as the essence of those states.

³⁵ Fabian, Johannes, Time and the Other—How Anthropology Makes Its Object (New York: Columbia University Press, 1983), p. 31.Google Scholar

³⁶ Consult, for example, the multi-authored, ‘China, History of,’ Encyclopaedia Britannica, 15th ed., IV, 297–358.Google Scholar

³⁷ Mill, , History of India, II, 165.Google Scholar

³⁸ Nehru, , The Discovery of India, p. 71.Google Scholar

³⁹ The latest and most sophisticated is that of Morton Klass, Caste: The Emergence of the South Asian Social System (Philadelphia: Institute for the Study of Human Issues, 1980).Google Scholar

⁴⁰ On the important idea of substantialized agency (to be distinguished from the notion of ‘code and substance’ in my own earlier work), see Collingwood, R. G., The Idea of History (New York: Oxford University Press, 1956), pp. 34, 42–5, 47–8, 81–5.Google Scholar On essentialism in Southeast Asian studies, see Hobart, Mark, ‘The Art of Measuring Mirages, or Is There Kinship in Bali?’ in Cognation and Social Organization in Southeast Asia, ed. by Huesken, F. and Kemp, J. (The Hague: Nijhoff, 1984), in press.Google Scholar

⁴¹ Spear, T. G. Percival, India, Pakistan and the West (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1958), pp. 57, 59–60.Google Scholar

⁴² Bhaskar, Roy, The Possibility of Naturalism: A Philosophical Critique of the Contemporary Human Sciences (Brighton: Harvester Press, 1979), p. 25.Google Scholar

⁴³ Mukherjee, , Sir William Jones, pp. 42–4.Google Scholar

⁴⁴ Marshall, Peter, The British Discovery of Hinduism in the Eighteenth Century (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1970), pp. 43–4.Google Scholar

⁴⁵ On the earlier French scholars, whom I have neglected here, see Schwab, Raymond (1884–1956), The Oriental Renaissance: Europe's Rediscovery of India and the East, 1680–1880, tr. Patterson-Black, Gene and Reinking, Victor (New York: Columbia University Press, 1984; 1st pub., 1950).Google Scholar More recent is Bies, Jean, Littérature française et pensée hindoue dès origines à 1950 (Strasbourg: Librairie C. Klincksieck, 1973).Google Scholar For a (philosophically) critical review of the various American, mostly idealist, appropriations of Indian philosophy, see Riepe, Dale, The Philosophy of India and Its Impact on American Thought (Springfield, II.: Charles C. Thomas, 1970).Google Scholar

⁴⁶ Consult, for Herder and the early German romantics, Glasenapp, Helmuth von, Das Indienbild deutscher Denker (Stuttgart: K. F. Koehler, 1960), pp. 14–32Google Scholar; and Halbfass, Wilhelm, Indien und Europa, pp. 86–103 and references.Google Scholar

⁴⁷ Mitter, Partha, Much Maligned Monsters: History of European Reactions to Indian Art (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1977), pp. 202–207.Google Scholar The title of Creuzer's work is, Symbolik und Mythologie der alten Voelker.

⁴⁸ Mitter, Much Maligned, pp. 208–20.Google Scholar

⁴⁹ Fabian, , Time and the Other, pp. 123–31.Google Scholar

⁵⁰ For Creuzer's treatment of myth and religion, see Kramer, Fritz, Verkehrte Wellen, zur imaginaeren Ethnographie des 19. Jahrhunderts (Frankfurt: Syndikat, 1977), pp. 15–38.Google Scholar On his relationship to the other romantic theorists of the symbol, see Todorov, Tzvetan, Theories of the Symbol, tr. Porter, C. (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1977), especially pp. 216–18.Google Scholar

⁵¹ Halbfass, , Indien und Europa, pp. 151–3.Google Scholar

⁵² Consult Lipsey's, RogerCoomaraswamy (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1977), III (‘His Life and Work’). A good example of his views is ‘The Philosophy of Mediaeval and Oriental Art,’ (reprinted in Coomaraswamy, I, 43–70), where he opposes ‘traditional’ to ‘modern’ instead of ‘Oriental’ to ‘Christian’.Google Scholar

⁵³ Barbara Stoler Miller's biographical essay in the book edited by her, Exploring India's Sacred Art: Selected Writings of Stella Kramrisch (Philadelphia: Pennsylvania University Press, 1983), pp. 3–29.Google Scholar

⁵⁴ Brome, Vincent, Jung: Man and Myth (London: Granada, 1980; first published by Macmillan in 1978), pp. 120 and 290Google Scholar on Creuzer, and for other useful details.

⁵⁵ Crome, , Jung, p. 236.Google Scholar For an excellent brief discussion of Campbell, see Riepe, , The Philosophy of India and Its Impact on American Thought, pp. 227–8.Google Scholar Riepe criticizes him for only talking about the naturalist, realist, and materialist traditions of India.

⁵⁶ For some of the connections of Jung and of Goetz, Zimmer, and Eliade with Coomaraswamy, see Lipsey, , Coomaraswamy, III, 203–4, 210–13.Google Scholar A brief account of Goetz's career by Kulke, is to be found in India and the West: Proceedings of a Seminar Dedicated to the Memory of Hermann Goetz, edited by Deppert, Joachim (New Delhi: Manohar, 1983), pp. 13–23.Google Scholar For the work of Kulke and his associates, see The Cult of Jagannath and the Regional Tradition of Orissa, edited by Eschmann, A., Kulke, H., and Tripathi, G. C. (New Delhi: Manohar, 1978).Google Scholar

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⁵⁹ Hocart, Arthur Maurice, Caste: A Comparative Study (London: Methuen, 1950), pp. 17–19.Google ScholarHutton, J. H. in his hegemonic work, Caste in India (pp. 176–7)Google Scholar, reduces Hocart's views to one theory of ‘Origin’ to be mentioned among the many and then passed over. Louis Dumont and David Pocock wrongly, in my view, reject Hocart's focus on the king in their detailed review, ‘A. M. Hocart on Caste,’ Contributions to Indian Sociology, Number 2 (1958), 45–63.Google Scholar The thoughtful discussion of Hocart's views by Rodney Needham in his new edition of Hocart's Kings and Councillors: An Essay in the Comparative Anatomy of Human Society (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1970) effectively ‘rehabilitates’ his work.Google Scholar

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