² As Robert Frykenburg pointed out in ‘Company Circari in the Carnatic, c. 1799–1859: The Inner Logic of Political Systems in India,’ Realm and Region in Traditional India, ed. Fox, Richard G., Duke University Program in Comparative Studies on Southern Asia, Monograph and Occasional Paper Series, monograph no. 14 (1977), p. 139,Google Scholar‘Chaudhri's, S. R.Civil Disturbances during the British Rule in India: 1756–1857 (Calcutta, 1955), is useful as a listing of violent incidents.Google Scholar A careful analysis of each of these incidents has yet to be done.’ For the narrative analysis of the military suppression of the rebellion in the Vishakhapatnam District see my unpublished 1982 Duke University dissertation, ‘The Madras Army in the Northern Circars, 1832–1833: Pacification and Professionalism.’Google Scholar

³ Sir Fredrick Adam (1781–1853). Governor of Madras (1832–37): son of the Right Honorable William Adam; in the Army 1795; served in Egypt; in Sicily; in Spain as A.D.C. to the Prince Regent; as a brigade commander at Waterloo; as Lord High Commissioner of the Ionian Islands (1824–26);.K.C.B., G.C.M.G., P.C., G.C.B., and General (1846): died 17 August 1853. Sir Fredrick's papers are included among the Adam of Blair–Adam Muniments held by the Adam family. The papers may be seen in Edinburgh with the family's permission at the National Register of Archives (Scotland).Google Scholar

⁴ Sir Henry George Andrew Taylor (1784–1876). General: entered Madras Army in 1798; served at Assaye and Argaum, 1803; at Gawilghar, 1805; under Sir Barry Close, 1809; in the Commissariat, 1811–1819; under Sir John Doveton in the Pindarry War; as Town Major of Madras, 1825; as brigadier at Vellore, 1828; and as commander of the Northern Division of the Madras Army, 1832–1837, suppressed rebellions in the Vishakhapatnam and Ganjam Districts: retired 1838: C.B., General in 1857, K.C.B., G.C.B.: died 9 February 1876 as the oldest general in the British Army. Sir Henry's papers are held by the William R. Perkins Library at Duke University.Google Scholar

⁵ Huntington, Samuel P., The Soldier and the State: The Theory and Politics of Civil–Military Politics (New York: Random House, 1957; Vintage Books, 1957).Google Scholar

⁶ Janowitz, Morris, The Professional Soldier: A Social and Political Portrait (London: Collier–Macmillan Ltd, 1960; New York: The Free Press, 1971).Google Scholar

⁷ Huntington, , The Soldier and the State, p. 8.Google Scholar

⁸ Ibid., p. 15.

⁹ Janowitz, , The Professional Soldier, pp. 35–6.Google Scholar

¹⁰ Ibid., p. 8.

¹¹ See Lt Col.Shiner, John F., ‘The Military Professional in America’ in Concepts for Air Force Leadership (Maxwell AFB, Alabama: Air University, 1983), pp. 1–30—1–36.Google Scholar See also Baucom, Donald R., ‘The Professional Soldier and the Warrior Spirit,’ Strategic Review, Fall 1985, pp. 57–66.Google Scholar

¹² Janowitz has also written on military professionalism focusing on civil–military relations outside of Europe but his most important work covers only the contemporary period and does not deal with the nineteenth century. Janowitz, Morris, The Military in the Political Development of New Nations: An Essay in Comparative Analysis (Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, Phoenix Books, 1964) and an expanded version of the same work,Google ScholarJanowitz, Morris, Military Institutions and Coercion in the Developing Nations (Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1977).Google ScholarJanowitz, also edited Civil–Military Relations: Regional Perspectives (Beverly Hills: Sage Publications, 1981) which, although dealing with the world outside of Europe and the U.S., is virtually limited to the twentieth century.Google ScholarHuntington's, work includes the editing of Changing Patterns of Military Politics (New York: The Free Press of Glencoe, Inc., 1962) which includes discussions of military forces outside of the U.S. and Europe but is concerned with the contemporary world and largely draws its evidence from the same period.Google Scholar

¹³ Feld, Maury D., The Structure of Violence: Armed Forces as Social Systems (Beverly Hills: Sage Publications, 1977).Google Scholar

¹⁴ Feld, , ‘A Typology of Military Organization,’ The Structure of Violence, p. 62.Google Scholar

¹⁵ Ibid., pp. 34–5.

¹⁶ Feld, , ‘Military Discipline as a Social Force,’ The Structure of Violence, pp. 22–3.Google Scholar

¹⁷ These categories of personnel policies and programs represent this author's concept of the most important categories of personnel programs and policies for analysis of a military force rather than a British imperial social taxonomy imposed on South Asia.Google Scholar

¹⁸ Callahan, Raymond, The East India Company and Army Reform, 1783–1798 (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1972), pp. 16–17. His second chapter, ‘Men without Interest: The Company's Officers,’ makes it quite clear that the vast majority of the Company's military officers served in India during the late eighteenth century because they lacked the money and the connections successfully to pursue a public career in Britain or simply needed the money they could make in India. The same basic motivations still existed in the early nineteenth century.Google Scholar See also: Embree, Ainslie T., Charles Grant and British Rule in India (New York: Columbia University Press, 1962), pp. 123–9, and 178–86.Google Scholar

¹⁹ This important institution awaits a modern historical analysis. The best account is Vibart, H. M., Addiscombe: Its Heros and Men of Note (1894).Google Scholar

²⁰ ‘The East India Company Seminary,’ United Service Journal, Part II, 1829, p. 226.Google Scholar

²¹ GOG, 4 July. 1834, in Gordon, R., An Abridgement of the General Orders, Issued at the Presidency of Fort Saint George, from 1800 to 30th June 1840 (Madras: J. B. Pharoah, 1840), p. 100.Google Scholar

²² Ltr from Taylor, H.G.A. to Sir Fredrick Adam, 13 Feb. 1833, General Taylor Papers; GOG, 2 May 1810, Gordon, p. 441,Google Scholar and GOG, 8 June 1816, Gordon, p. 442.Google Scholar

²³ Ltr from H. G. A. Taylor to Fredrick Adam Sir, 13 Feb. 1833, General Taylor Papers.Google Scholar

²⁴ GOG, 18 Apr. 1826; MMDC No. 24, 2 March. 1832, P/264/77. (To tell the reader as much as possible about the sources, the Consultation number, offices involved, and author, if known, of all documents from the India Office and Records are cited as well as the shelf mark.) Adjutant General's Office,Google ScholarA List of the Officers of the Army, Ordnance and Medical Departments, Serving under the Presidency of Fort Saint George (Madras: Asylum Press, 30 06 1832), p. 78. Hereafter FSG Army List. The records do not explain what disorder and irregularity existed in the 47th NI.Google Scholar

²⁵ Ltr from H. G. A. Taylor to Sir Fredrick Adam, 2 Feb. 1833, General Taylor Papers.Google Scholar

²⁶ FSG Army List, 30 June 1833, ‘Alterations while Printing’, and p. 78.Google Scholar

²⁷ Ltr from R. Clerk Sec. to Gvt to Pres. and Mbrs Mar. Bd, 13 June 1832, MMDC No. 61, 6 July 1832, P/264/85.Google Scholar

²⁸ Minute of CIC signed O'Callaghan, 16 Oct. 1832, MMDC No. 8, 13 Nov. 1832, P/264/94.Google Scholar

²⁹ President's Minute signed Lushington, 19 Oct. 1832, MMDC No. 8, 13 Nov. 1832, P/264/94.Google Scholar

³⁰ GOG, 23 Aug. 1833, Fort Saint George Gazette, 1833, V/11/1587. Hereafter FSGG.Google Scholar

³¹ GOG, 19 Aug. 1836, Gordon, pp. 418–23.Google Scholar

³² Wilkinson, Theon, Two Monsoons (London: Duckworth, 1976), p. 45.Google Scholar

³³ GOG, 29 Dec. 1800, Gordon, p. 257.Google Scholar

³⁴ GOG, 10 Feb. 1801, Gordon, p. 257.Google Scholar

³⁵ GOG, 21 Oct. 1836, Gordon, p. 262.Google Scholar

³⁶ GOG, 29 Jul. 1831, Gordon, pp. 395–7.Google Scholar

³⁷ GOG, 10 Jun. 1836, Gordon, pp. 261–2.Google Scholar

³⁸ Harris, George, First Baron, of Seringapatnam and Mysore (1746–1829); CIC Madras 1796–1800 and Acting Governor Feb.–Aug. 1798.Google ScholarBuckland, C. E., Dictionary of Indian Biography (London: Swan, & Co., Ltd, 1906; reprint ed., Varanasi, : Indological Book House, 1971), p. 191.Google Scholar

³⁹ Ltr from H. G. A. Taylor to Fredrick Sir Adam, 26 July 1834, General Taylor Papers.Google Scholar

⁴⁰ Buckland, , p. 416.Google Scholar

⁴¹ Adjutant General's Office, General Regulations of the Madras Army (Madras: Military Male Orphan Asylum Press, 1849), p. 108.Google Scholar

⁴² Ltr signed ‘CO’ in the Madras Male Military Asylum Herald, 7 June 1834.Google Scholar

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⁴⁴ Roll of a Jemadar & Havildar recommended for Promotion to the Rank of Subadar & Jemadar respectively in the 28th Regt NI signed J. Green Lt Col. Cmdg, 29 Aug. 1834, MMDC No. 36, 12 Sep. 1834, P/265/52.Google Scholar

⁴⁵ GOG, 2 Feb. 1819, Gordon, p. 355.Google Scholar

⁴⁶ Ltr from B. R. Hitchins Act'g AG of the Army to Sec. to Gvt Mil. Dept, 19 Apr. 1833, MMDC Nos 15 and 16, 23 Apr. 1833, P/265/11.Google Scholar

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⁴⁸ Ltr from Wheatley, T. R. Sec. to Gvt to Russell, G. E. Commissioner, 26 Feb. 1833, in Bd's Col. 56368, pp. 75–6.Google Scholar

⁴⁹ GOG, 23 Aug. 1833; FSGG, 1833, p. 617, V/11/1587.Google Scholar

⁵⁰ Statement of the Honorary distinctions and Allowances which have been Conferred on Members of the Madras Army during the last Ten Years, Commencing from January 1823, signed Hitchins, B. R. Act'g AG of the Army, 27 Nov. 1832, MMDC No. 22, 4 Dec. 1832, P/264/95.Google Scholar

⁵¹ Ltr signed CO in the Madras Male Military Asylum Herald, 21 June 1834.Google Scholar

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⁵⁶ The language study discussed here is part of the British use of Indian languages as instruments of control which is the first of three projects Bernard Cohen identifices as growing from ‘British studies of Indian languages, literature, science, and thought…’ Cohen, Bernard S., ‘The Command of Language and the Language of Command,’ Subaltern Studies IV: Writings on South Asian History and Society (Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1985), p. 316. Cohen does not deal in depth with language study in the Madras Army.Google Scholar

⁵⁷ ‘The East India Company's Military Seminary,’ United Service Journal, Part II, 1829, p. 226. Army Hindoostanee was a mixture of modern Hindi and Urdu.Google Scholar

⁵⁸ Ibid., p. 229.

⁵⁹ GOG, 6 Feb. 1824, Gordon, p. 351.Google Scholar

⁶⁰ Ibid..

⁶¹ GOG, 9 Oct. 1829, Gordon, p. 351.Google Scholar At this time a lieutenant in the Madras Native Infantry earned pay of Rupees 62 plus allowances of Rupees 164 for a total of Rupees 226 per month without a staff appointment. Military Auditor General, Annual Madras Military Statement, 24 Dec. 1834, p. 19, L/MIL/8/107.Google Scholar

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⁶⁶ Shaw, Bernard, Complete Plays with Prefaces, Vol. 1 (New York: Dodd, Mead & Company, 1963), p. 206.Google Scholar

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⁷⁹ Ltr from B. R. Hitchins Act'g AG to Sec. to Gvt Mil. Dept, 28 Mar. 1832, MMDC Nos 33 and 35.Google Scholar

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⁸² MMDC No. 13, 6 Mar. 1832, P/264/13, and FSG Army List, p. 150. No cause of death was listed.Google Scholar