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¹⁸ Sonenscher, Works and wages, p. 75.

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²⁵ Rozier, Abbé, Cours complet d'agriculture ou Dictionnaire universel d'agriculture. Paris, Unknown printer, 1789, Vol. 8, p. 353Google Scholar, entry: ‘domestique’.

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²⁸ Archives Nationales, Paris (henceforth AN), sery F 10 452 ‘Fixation des salaires agricoles’; AN, C 1157 to 1161 (archives parlementaires); Clément, Henry, Essai sur les usages locaux du Pas-de-Calais. Arras, Topino, 1856.Google Scholar

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³⁰ Parliamentary enquiry of 1870, in AN, C 1157 to 1161.

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³² The livret ouvrier was a discharge certificate; it had to certify that a worker had been engaged for a specific job and that it had been completed (quittance) or to acknowledge that the worker had not yet paid off advances received as wages and that his debt remained to be deducted from future wages by the new employer.

³³ AN, C 846 to 860.

³⁴ Crebouw, ‘Droit et obligations’.

³⁵ Crebouw, ‘Droit et obligations’.

³⁶ Cottereau, ‘Droit’.

³⁷ Rare research into this has been done by: Debien, Gabriel, Les engagés pour les Antilles 1634–1715. Paris, Société de l'histoire des colonies françaises, 1952Google Scholar; Dechêne, Louise, Habitants et marchands de Montréal au XVIIe siècle. Paris, Plon, 1974Google Scholar; Mauro, Frédéric, ‘French indentured servants for America, 1500–1800’, in Emmer, Pieter C., Colonialism and migration; indentured labour before and after slavery. Dordrecht, Martinus Nijhoff Publisher; Boston, Lancaster, 1986, pp. 83–104.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

³⁸ Archives Départementales de Charente maritime, Minutier Teuleron, 1638–1680, in particular files: 1638, 1641, 1649, 1651, 1666–67, 1670, 1671. Also: Bibliothèque nationale, section des manuscrits, ‘Nouvelles acquisitions de France’, 9328, copies of documents on immigration to the colonies (inhabitants, engagés, slaves).

³⁹ Archives Départementales de Charente maritime, Ex Moreau minutes, 19 and 25 April 1664.

⁴⁰ Dechêne, Habitants, p. 1974; Mauro, ‘French indentured servants’.

⁴¹ Galenson, White servitude.

⁴² Alpers, Edward, ‘The French slave trade in East Africa 1721–1810’, Cahiers d'études africaines, 10, 37 (1970), pp. 80–124CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Monica Schuler, ‘The recruitment of African indentured labourers for European colonies in the nineteenth century’, in Emmer, Colonialism, pp. 125–161; Alpers, Edward, Ivory and slaves: changing patterns of international trade in East and Central Africa to the later nineteenth century. Berlekey and Los Angeles, California University Press, 1975Google Scholar; Gerbeau, Herbert, ‘Quelques aspects de la traite illégale des esclaves à Bourbon au XIXe siècle’ in Mouvements de populations dans l'Océan Indien. Paris, Imprimerie Champion, 1979, pp. 273–296Google Scholar. Also Maillard, Louis, Notes sur l'île de la Réunion. Paris, Dentu, 1862Google Scholar.

⁴³ The National Archives (henceforth TNA), CO 415/9/A.221, 1827.

⁴⁴ Centre des Archives d'Outre Mer (henceforth CAOM), 30 COL 117, 160, 639, years 1823–1836. Archives départementales de la Réunion (henceforth ADR) in 57 M1, for example: ‘Exposé de la situation intérieure de la colonie en 1832 par le directeur de l'intérieur’ and ‘Rapport sur les différents services de la colonie’, 1828.

⁴⁵ Maillard, Notes, p. 190.

⁴⁶ Bulletin officiel de l'Ile Bourbon, arrêté du 3 juillet 1829.

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⁴⁹ Sudel Fuma, Esclaves et citoyens, le destin de 62 000 Réunionnais, histoire de l'insertion des affranchis de 1848 dans la société réunionnaise. Saint-Denis, La Réunion, Fondation pour la Recherche et le Développement dans l'Océan Indien, 1979, 2^nd edition 1982, p. 116.

⁵⁰ CAOM FM SG/Reu c 380 d 3288, c 370 d 3180.

⁵¹ CAOM FM SG Inde 464, d 590, letter 26 February 1848.

⁵² L'indicateur colonial, 12 April 1847.

⁵³ CAOM, Réunion, tableau de l'immigration africaine à la réunion de 1848 à 1869, c 454, d 5042 à 5074. Also Huang, Ho Hai, Histoire économique de l'île de la Réunion, 1849–1881: engagisme, croissance et crise. Paris, Lavoisier, 2004.Google Scholar

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⁵⁸ Bulletin officiel de l'île de la Réunion, 13 February 1852.

⁵⁹ Litigations are available in: ADR, séries U 339, 349 (justice of the peace). On women, see Fuma, Esclaves.

⁶⁰ CAOM FM SM/Reu c 379 d 3211 and c 383 d 3323.

⁶¹ CAOM FM SG/Reu c 384 d 3341, Reports of the syndic of immigrants, 1858, 1859 up to 1864.

⁶² CAOM FM SG/Reu c 384 d 3341, Reports of the syndic of immigrants, 1858, 1859 up to 1864.

⁶³ Northrup, Indentured, pp. 129–132.

⁶⁴ CAOM FM SG/Reu c 382 (a few dozen files) and c 379.

⁶⁵ CAOM FM SG/Reu c 379 d 3211.

⁶⁶ CAOM FM SG/Reu c 382 d 3324, 3310 3311, 3318.

⁶⁷ CAOM FM SM SG/Réunion c 379 d 3217, 3210.

⁶⁸ CAOM FM SM SG/Reu c 382 d 3323.

⁶⁹ CAOM FM SM SG/Reu c 379 d 3203.

⁷⁰ CAOM FM SG/SG Reu c 385 d 3367.

⁷¹ Justice cour d'assise, Saint-Denis, 3e session 1868, CAOM FM SG/SG Reu c 385 d 3367.

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⁹⁹ Wood, ‘Operations’, p. 107.

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¹⁰¹ Galenson, White servitude.

¹⁰² Steinfeld, The invention.

¹⁰³ Northrup, Indentured, Table A.1, pp. 156–157.

¹⁰⁴ Allen, Slaves, p. 84. Claude Wanquet, ‘Violences individuelles et violence institutionnalisée: le régime servile de l'Ile de France à la fin du XVIIIe siècle à la lumière des dossiers de procédure criminelle’, in Maestri, Esclavage, pp. 203–226.

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¹⁰⁶ Hubert Gerbeau, ‘Engagees and coolies on Reunion Island: slavery's masks and freedom's constraints’, in Emmer, Colonialism, pp. 209–237; Carter, Servants.

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¹²³ TNA CO 167/263. Labour Committee evidence, Appendix A, 22 October 1845. Parliamentary Papers, 1847 XXXIX (325).

¹²⁴ TNA CO 167/213, 202, 266.

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¹²⁶ ‘Report of the royal commissioners’.

¹²⁷ Allen, Slaves, pp. 69–71.

¹²⁸ Allen, Slaves, p. 72.

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¹³⁰ TNA CO 167/252.

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