Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-t7czq Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-22T01:20:40.990Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Literati Culture and Integration in Dai Viet, c. 1430–c. 18401

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  28 November 2008

John K. Whitmore
John K. Whitmore
Affiliation:
University of Michigan
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Extract

The land of Dai Viet, whose political and cultural heartland lay in what is now northern Vietnam, followed patterns somewhat analogous to those posited in other Eurasian ‘rimland’ states. The fifteenth to nineteenth centuries saw administrative centralization, territorial expansion, population growth, economic elaboration, a greater emphasis on textuality and moral orthodoxy, and growing cultural standardization. In contrast to France and West European states, however, the Vietnamese achieved this integration less by refining patterns established during the prior ‘charter age’ (c. 900–1400 c.e.) than by adopting a radically new model, that of the contemporary Ming government in China.

Type
Articles
Information
Modern Asian Studies , Volume 31 , Issue 3 , July 1997 , pp. 665 - 687
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1997

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

2 Whitmore, J. K., ‘Adopting Antiquity, Han Yu and Ho Quy Ly in Fourteenth Century Vietnam’ (MS); idem, Vietnam, Ho Quy Ly and the Ming, 1371–1421 (New Haven, 1985);Google ScholarHuy, Nguyen Ngoc and Tai, Ta Van, The Le Code, Law in Traditional Vietnam (Athens, OH, 1987), I, 191–203.Google Scholar

3 Reid, , Southeast Asia in the Age of Commerce, 1450–1680 (New Haven, 1993), II, 217.Google Scholar

4 Lieberman, , ‘Local Integration and Eurasian Analogies: Structuring Southeastern Asian History, c. 1350–c. 1830,’ Modern Asian Studies [MAS], 27, 3 (1993), 488–521;Google Scholaridem, ‘Secular Trends in Burmese Economic History, c. 1350–c. 1830, and their Implications for State Formation,’ MAS, 25, 1 (1991), 3–12.Google Scholar

5 Whitmore, , ‘Vietnam and the Monetary Flow of Eastern Asia, Thirteenth to Eighteenth Centuries,’ in Richards, J. F. (ed.), Precious Metals in the Late Medieval and Early Modern Worlds (Durham, NC, 1983), 389.Google Scholar

6 Le Code, I, 191–8.Google Scholar

7 Whitmore, J. K., ‘Transforming Dai Viet, Politics and Confucianism in the Fifteenth Century’ (MS), chs 4–5;Google ScholarHong-Due Ban-Do (Maps of the Hong-duc [Reign Period, 1470–1497]) (Saigon, 1962), 12–49;Google ScholarThien Nam Du Ha Tap (A.334), ‘Legal Section’ (1480s–1490s); Whitmore, ‘Monetary Flow,’ 305–6; Le Code, I, 203.Google Scholar

8 Tana, Li, ‘ “The Inner Region”: A Social and Economic History of Nguyen Vietnam in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries,’ Ph.D. diss. (Australian National University, 1992), ch. 1;Google ScholarWhitmore, J. K., ‘Social Organization and Confucian Thought in Vietnam,’ Journal of Southeast Asian Studies [JSEAS], 15, 2 (1984), 301;Google ScholarInsun, Yu, Law and Society in Seventeenth and Eighteenth Century Vietnam (Seoul, 1990), 111–12;Google ScholarWhitmore, , ‘Monetary Flow,’ 367–8;Google ScholarMacintosh, Duncan, Chinese Blue and White Porcelain, 3rd ed. (Woodbridge, UK, 1994), 158–63;Google ScholarChinese and South-East Asian White Ware Found in the Philippines (Singapore, 1993), 38–42.Google Scholar

9 Whitmore, , ‘Transforming Dai Viet,’ ch. 5, pt G.Google Scholar

10 Whitmore, J. K., ‘Chung-Hsing and Cheng-T'ung in Texts of and on Sixteenth Century Vietnam,’ in Taylor, K. W. and Whitmore, J. K. (eds), Essays into Vietnamese Pasts (Ithaca, NY, 1995), 117–30;Google Scholaridem, ‘Social Organization,’ 305–6.Google Scholar

11 Boxer, C. R. (ed.), South China in the Sixteenth Century (London, 1953), 73.Google ScholarSee also Lach, Donald F., Southeast Asia in the Eyes of Europe, the Sixteenth Century (Chicago, 1968), 565.Google Scholar

12 Cooke, Nola, ‘Nineteenth Century Vietnamese Confucianization in Historical Perspective: Evidence from the Palace Examinations (1463–1883),’ JSEAS, 25, 2 (1994), 284–6;Google ScholarWhitmore, , ‘Chung-Hsing,’ 122–3;Google ScholarDan, Nguyen Trieu, A Vietnamese Family Chronicle (Jefferson, NC, 1991), 166–73, 220–31;Google ScholarTaylor, K. W., ‘Nguyen Hoang and the Beginning of Vietnam's Southward Expansion,’ in Reid, A. (ed.), Southeast Asia in the Early Modern Era (Ithaca, NY, 1993), 42–65.Google Scholar

13 Whitmore, , ‘Monetary Flow,’ 377–85;Google ScholarNha, Nguyen Thanh, Tableau économique du Vietnam aux XVII el XVIII siècles (Paris, 1970) 53–4.Google Scholar

14 Li, ‘Inner Region,’ chs 2–6.Google Scholar

15 Taylor, K. W., ‘The Literati Revival in Seventeenth Century Vietnam,’ JSEAS, 18, 1 (1987), 1–22;Google ScholarLi, ‘Inner Region,’ 27; Yu, Law, 108–21; Nha, Tableau, pt 1, ch. 1, pt 2, ch. 1; Whitmore, ‘Monetary Flow,’ 368–70.Google Scholar

16 Thong, Huynh Sanh, The Heritage of Vietnamese Poetry (New Haven, 1979), xxvii–xxxi;Google Scholaridem, ‘Literature and the Vietnamese,’ Vietnam Forum [VNF], 9 (1987), 42–4;Google Scholar‘Folk History in Vietnam,’ VNF, 5 (1985), 66–80;Google ScholarVuong, Tran Quoc, ‘Popular Culture and High Culture in Vietnamese History,’ Crossroads, 7, 2 (1992), 24.Google Scholar

17 Vuong, , ‘Popular Culture,’ 24, 26–33;Google ScholarChi, Minh et al. , Buddhism in Vietnam (Hanoi, 1993), 148–60;Google ScholarWhitmore, J. K., ‘Bureaucratic Control of the Spirits in Vietnam,’ Association of Asian Studies, Washington, DC, 1980. Vuong's discussion of Dao Noi, the ‘Inside (Indigenous) Way,’ indicates how Vietnamese popular culture both adapted to the active bureaucratic reality and resisted it. This set of beliefs helped define Vietnamese ethnicity, while allowing local variation in its expression.Google Scholar

18 Whitmore, ‘Chung-Hsing,’ 118–23, 130 idem ‘ “Elephants Can Actually Swim!”: Contemporary Chinese Views of Late Ly Dai Viet,’ in Marr, D. G. and Milner, A. C. (eds), Southeast Asia in the gth to 14th Centuries (Singapore, 1986), 131–3.Google Scholar

19 Whitmore, , Vietnam, Ho Quy Ly, 65–7; idem, ‘Adopting Antiquity’; idem, ‘Transforming Dai Viet,’ ch. 2;Google ScholarChu, Phan Huy, Lich Trieu Hien Chuong Loai Chi, tr. Hoc, Vien Su (Hanoi, 1992), II, 220, 228, 240–2, 246.Google Scholar

20 Whitmore, , ‘Transforming Dai Viet,’ chs 2–5; idem, ‘The Tao-Dan Group: Poetry, Cosmology, and the State in the Hong-Due Period (1470–1497),’ Crossroads, 7, 2 (1992), 55–61;Google Scholaridem, ‘From Classical Scholarship to Confucian Belief in Vietnam,’ VNF, 9 (1987), 49–58.Google Scholar

21 Cooke, , ‘Nineteenth Century Vietnamese Confucianization,’ 278–81, quote 280.Google Scholar

22 Whitmore, , ‘Transforming Dai Viet,’ chs 2–3; idem, ‘Tao-Dan Group,’ 61–7; idem, ‘Classical Scholarship,’ 58–61; idem, Vietnam, Ho Quy Ly, notes passim.Google Scholar

23 Woodside, ‘Central Viet Nam's Trading World in the Eighteenth Century as Seen in Le Quy Don's “Frontier Chronicles,” ‘ in Taylor and Whitmore, Essays, 159.Google Scholar

24 Dai Viet Su Ky Toan Thu, tr. (Hanoi, 1972), III, 173–319passim, quote 276;Google ScholarWhitmore, J. K., ‘Cartography in Vietnam,’ in Harley, J. B. and Woodward, D. (eds), The History of Cartography (Chicago, 1994), II, bk 2, 481–2; Chu, Lich Trieu, II, 221–47.Google Scholar

25 Taylor, , ‘Literati Revival,’ 12–17.Google Scholar

26 Ibid., 12, 15–16; Whitmore, ‘Cartography,’ 483–96; Yu, Law, 126–30; Chu, Lich Trieu, II, 222–47, 267–8, 278.

27 Taylor, , ‘Literati Revival,’ 14; Whitmore, ‘Chung-Hsing,’ 130–4.Google Scholar

28 Whitmore, , ‘Monetary Flow,’ 383–7.Google Scholar

29 Nha, Tableau, 41–4, 65–8, 92–107, 130–47; Whitmore, ‘Monetary Flow,’ 368–9.Google Scholar

30 Chu, Lich Trieu, II, 247–51.Google Scholar

31 Ibid., II, 232, 273–8.

32 Ibid., II, 232–7, 254–6, 265; Nha, Tableau, 28–35.

33 Twitchett, D. C., Financial Administration Under the T'ang Dynasty (Cambridge, 1963), 24–40;Google ScholarChu, Lich Trieu, II, 232–6; Nha, Tableau, 28–32.Google Scholar

34 Chu, Lich Trieu, II, 257–61, 265, 268–70.Google Scholar

35 Whitmore, , ‘Monetary Flow,’ 368–9.Google Scholar

36 Chu, Lich Trieu, II, 281–5, quote 281.Google Scholar

37 Ibid., II, 224–6, 236, 256–9, 266, 270; Yu, Law, 130–2; Li, ‘Inner Region,’ chs 5, 7; Nha, Tableau, 157–62.

38 Nha, Tableau, 16; Hodgkin, Thomas, Vietnam, The Revolutionary Path (New York, 1981), 82–4;Google ScholarVien, Nguyen Khac, Vietnam, A Long History (Hanoi, 1987), 96–101.Google Scholar

39 Li, ‘Inner Region,’ 167–72.Google Scholar

40 Chu, Lich Trieu, II, 10, 29–30, 219–20, 228, 288–9; III, 7, 41.Google Scholar

41 Woodside, Alexander, ‘Conceptions of Change and of Human Responsibility for Change in Late Traditional Vietnam,’ in Wyatt, D. K. and Woodside, A. B. (eds), Moral Order and the Question of Change (New Haven, 1982), 119–31, 139–45.Google Scholar

42 Cooke, , ‘Nineteenth Century Vietnamese Confucianization,’ 277–312.Google Scholar

43 Cooke, , ‘The Composition of the Nineteenth-Century Political Elite of Pre-Colonial Nguyen Vietnam,’ MAS 29, 4 (1995), 741–64; Hodgkin, Vietnam, 90–103;Google ScholarWoodside, Alexander B., ‘The Historical Background,’ in Nguyen Du, The Tale of Kieu, tr. Thong, Huynh Sanh (New Haven, 1983), xi–xviii;Google ScholarSmith, R. B., ‘Politics and Society in Viet-Nam during the Early Nguyen Period (1802–62),‘ Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, 1974, 2, 155–6.Google Scholar

44 Woodside, , Vietnam and the Chinese Model (Cambridge, MA, 1971).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

45 Ibid., 48, 60–168; Hodgkin, , Vietnam, 91, 101–13; Whitmore, ‘Cartography,’ 507.Google Scholar

46 Woodside, , Chinese Model, 79–81, 267–80; Smith, ‘Politics and Society,’ 164–6; Whitmore, ‘Monetary Flow,’ 388.Google Scholar

47 Cooke, , ‘Composition of the Elite.’Google Scholar

48 Lieberman, Victor, personal communication.Google Scholar