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¹¹ Which provided for the arrest and return of tenants absconding from official manors in K'uei-chou province, and from private properties in Shih and Ch'ien prefectures.

¹² Yoshiyuki, Sudō, op. cit., (1954), p. 114.Google Scholar

¹³ Ibid., pp. 116–17. (My italics)

¹⁴ Smith, R. E. F., Enserfment of the Russian Peasantry, Cambridge, 1968, p. 4.Google Scholar

¹⁵ I-ling, Fu, Ming-tai Chiang-nan shih-min ching-chi shih-t'an (An Enquiry into the Economy of the Urban Population of Kiangnan during the Ming Dynasty), Shanghai, 1963, p. 61.Google Scholar

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²⁴ Ibid., p. 179.

²⁵ Yoshihiro, Hatano, Chūgoku kindai kogyō shi no kenkyū (Studies on the History of Early Modern Industry in China), Kyoto, 1961, pp. 16–17.Google Scholar

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²⁹ Ibid., pp. 188–9. By the twentieth century between one-third and two-fifths of the land farmed by tenants in the lower Yangtze valley was held in permanent tenure according to Yūji, Muramatsu, Chūgoku keizai no shakai taisei (The Social Structure of the Chinese Economy), Tokyo, 1949, p. 318.Google Scholar

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³¹ Chung-li, Chang, The Chinese Gentry: Studies on Their Role in Nineteenth-Century Chinese Society, Seattle, 1955,Google Scholar and The Income of the Chinese Gentry, Seattle, 1962.Google Scholar

³² There is a useful bibliography of the main Japanese articles on water conservancy organizations in Akira, Morita, ‘Kanton-shō Nankai-ken Sang-yuan-wei no chisui kikō ni tsuite’, (‘The Structure of Water Control in Sang-yuan Polder in Nan-hai County in Kwangtung’) Tōyō gakuhō, XLIV (1964), p. 65.Google Scholar For an extensive discussion see M. Elvin, ‘Market Towns and Waterways. The County of Shanghai from 1480 to 1910’ in Skinner, G. W. (ed.), The City in Late Imperial China, Stanford, 1970 (forthcoming).Google Scholar

³³ On the collection of the tribute grain see Ayao, Hoshi, Mindai sōun no kenkyū (Studies on the Ming Grain Tribute System), Tokyo, 1963, Chapter III;Google Scholar and Teruo, Nakahara, ‘Shindai ni okeru sōryō no shōhinka ni tsuite’, (‘The Mercantilization of the Tribute Grain under the Ch'ing Dynasty) Shigaku zasshi LXX (1958).Google Scholar

³⁴ Op. cit., p. 51.Google Scholar

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³⁸ Chih, Yü, Te-i lu (Te-i Records, 1869), XIV, 1 pp. 18a–19b. I am indebted to Mr Piet van der Loon for drawing this remarkable book to my attention.Google Scholar

³⁹ Elvin, M., ‘The Gentry Democracy in Shanghai, 1905–1914’ (Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Cambridge), 1968, pp. 115–16, 130–5.Google Scholar

⁴⁰ von Finckenstein, H. W. Graf Finck, Die Entwicklung der Landwirtschaft in Preussen u. Deutschland, 1800–1930, Marburg, 1960, pp. 99–100.Google Scholar

⁴¹ Smith, T. C., op. cit., Chapters VIII to XI.Google Scholar