Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-xbtfd Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-05T15:33:17.616Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

The Karakoram Highway: The Impact of Road Construction on Mountain Societies

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  28 November 2008

Hermann Kreutzmann
Affiliation:
Centre for Development StudiesGeographical Institute Free University of Berlin

Extract

The opening up of regions in the high mountains for motorized traffic has led world-wide to consequences concerning the penetration of these formerly remote areas.

Not only have running-times and means of transport been reduced through the modern routes, but also radical developments in the mountains have been induced. In this context physio-geographical and socio-political frame conditions are of predominant importance for the installation of functional communication systems. Especially in the high mountain regions of Asia relief, snow-covers in passes, glacial movements, earthquakes, water level fluctuations of rivers at fords and limited possibilities of fuel, fodder and foodstuff supplies all restrict the chances for the development of major trade routes.

Type
Articles
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1991

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Abdullah, M. 1972. ‘Report on Prospects of Agricultural Development in Northern Areas (Gilgit & Baltistan)’. Islamabad, unpublished paper.Google Scholar
Aerni, K. 1984. ‘Alpine Cross-Routes and Intra-Alpine Development’, The Transformation of Swiss Mountain Regions, ed. Brugger, E. A. et al. , Bern and Stuttgart, esp. pp. 327–49.Google Scholar
The Aga Khan Rural Support Programme (AKRSP) 1986. ‘Third Annual Review 1985’. Gilgit, unpublished paper.Google Scholar
Aitchison, C. U. 1909. A Collection of Treaties, Engagements and Sanads relating to India and Neighbouring Countries, Vol.II. Calcutta.Google Scholar
Alder, G. J. 1963. British India's Northern Frontier 1865–95. A Study in Imperial Policy. London.Google Scholar
Allan, N. J. R. 1984. ‘Ecological Effects of Land Intensification in the Central and Eastern Hindukush’, Eichstätter Beiträge 12, pp. 193211.Google Scholar
Allan, N. J. R. 1986. ‘Accessibility and Altitudinal Zonation Models of Mountains’, Mountain Research and Development 6, pp. 185–94.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bhutto, Z. A. 1972. Speeches and Statements July 1, 1972–September 30, 1972. Karachi.Google Scholar
Chaudri, A. T. 1978. ‘Sino-Pakistan Co-operation Crystallised’, Dawn Overseas Weekly III, 44, pp. 116.Google Scholar
Drew, F. 1875. The Jummoo and Kashmir Territories. London.Google Scholar
Government of Pakistan 1983. Tourism on Karakorum Highway. A Survey Report. Islamabad.Google Scholar
Government of Pakistan 1984. 1981 District Census Report of Gilgit. Islamabad.Google Scholar
Grötzbach, E. 1976. ‘Überlegungen zu einer vergleichenden Kulturgeographie altweltlicher Hochgebirge’, Tagungsbericht und wissenschaftliche Abhandlungen. 40. Dts. Geographentag lnnsbruck. Wiesbaden, pp. 109–20.Google Scholar
Grötzbach, E. 1984. ‘Bagrot. Beharrung und Wandel einer peripheren Talschaft im Karakorum’, Die Erde 115, pp. 305–21.Google Scholar
Hassnain, F. M. 1978. Gilgit. The Northern Gate of India. New Delhi.Google Scholar
Herrmann, A. 1910. Die alten Seidenstraβen zwischen China und Syrien. Berlin.Google Scholar
Herrmann, A. 1915. ‘Die Seidenstraβe vom alten China nach dem römischen Reich’, Mitteilungen der Geographischen Gesellschaft Wien 58, pp. 472500.Google Scholar
Huttenback, R. A. 1975. ‘The “Great Game” in the Pamirs and the Hindukush: The British Conquest of Hunza and Nagar’, Modern Asian Studies IX, pp. 129.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
India Office Library & Records: IOL/2/P&S/12/4609; IOR/2/1075/217; IOR/2/1084/289; IOR/2/1085/296; IOR/2/1086/286.Google Scholar
Jettmar, K. 1977. ‘Sozialer Wandel am Karakorum Highway’, Indo-Asia 19, pp. 4855.Google Scholar
Jettmar, K. 1978. ‘Brücken und Flöβe im Karakorum’, Heidelberger Jahrbücher 22, pp. 5970.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jettmar, K. 1982. ‘Kafiren, Nuristani, Darden. Zur Klärung eines Begriffsystems’, Anthropos 77, pp. 254–63.Google Scholar
Kamal, N. 1979. ‘Karakoram Highway: A Nation-Building Effort’, Strategic Studies II/3, pp. 1831.Google Scholar
Knight, E. F. 1895. Where Three Empires Meet. London.Google Scholar
Kreutzmann, H. 1987. ‘Die Talschaft Hunza (Northern Areas of Pakistan): Wandel der Austauschbeziehungen unter Einfluβ des Karakoram Highway’, Die Erde 118 (Heft I), pp. 3753.Google Scholar
Leitner, G. W. 1894. Dardistan in 1866, 1886 and 1893. Woking.Google Scholar
Lorimer, D. L. R. 19351938. ‘The Burushaski Language’, Instituttett for Sammenlignende Kulturforskning, Serie B. Skrifter XXIX, 1 (1935), 2 (1935), 3 (1938). Oslo.Google Scholar
Moore, R. A. 1979. Nation Building and the Pakistan Army 1947–1969. Lahore.Google Scholar
Müller-Stellrecht, I. 1978. ‘Hunza und China (1761–1891)’, Beiträge zur Südasienforschung 44, Wiesbaden.Google Scholar
Müller-Stellrecht, I. 1979. Materialien zur Ethnographie Dardistans (Pakistan), Teil 1: Hunza. Graz.Google Scholar
Müller-Stellrecht, I. 1981. ‘Menschenhandel und Machtpolitik im westlichen Himalaya’, Zentralasiatische Studien 15, pp. 391472.Google Scholar
Muslim, The 5.8.; 18.7.1985, Islamabad.Google Scholar
N.N. 1951. ‘The Sinkiang–Hunza Frontier’, Journal of the Royal Central Asian Society 38, pp. 7381.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
N.N. 1965. ‘Ancient Routes through the Pamirs’, Central Asian Review XIII, 1, pp. 4454.Google Scholar
Qamar, A. S. K. 1975. Lure of the Karakorams. Rawalpindi.Google Scholar
Rawlinson, H. C. 1869. ‘On Trade Routes between Turkestan and India’, Proceedings of the Royal Geographical Society XIII, pp. 1023.Google Scholar
Rhoades, R. E. and Thompson, S. I.. 1975. ‘Adaptive Strategies in Alpine Environments: Beyond Ecological Particularism’, American Ethnologist 2, pp. 535–51.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
von. Richthofen, F. 1877. China. Ergebnisse eigener Reisen und darauf gegründeter Studien, Bd.I. Berlin.Google Scholar
Saunders, F. 1983. Karakorum Villages. Gilgit, technical report FAO/UNDP PAK 80/009.Google Scholar
Schaller, G. B. 1980. Stones of Silence. Journeys in the Himalaya. London.Google Scholar
Schomberg, R. C. F. 1935. Between the Oxus and the Indus. London.Google Scholar
Singh, T. 1917. Assessment Report of the Gilgit Tahsil. Lahore.Google Scholar
Staley, J. 1969. ‘Economy and Society in the High Mountains of Northern Pakistan’, Modern Asian Studies III, pp. 225–43.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Staley, J. 1982. Words for My Brother. Karachi.Google Scholar
Stephens, I. 1953. ‘Politics and Apricots (Hunza and Nagir)’, The Geographical Magazine XXV, pp. 489–95.Google Scholar
Husain, Tariq 1985. ‘The Diffusion of Agricultural Innovations in Smallholder Mountain Agriculture in Northern Pakistan’. Chicago, unpublished paper.Google Scholar
Times, The 22.6. 1949, London.Google Scholar
Vertzberger, Y. 1983. ‘The Political Economy of Sino-Pakistan Relations’, Asian Survey XXIII%, 5, pp. 637–52.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Whiteman, P. T. S. 1985. Mountain Oases. Gilgit, technical report FAO/UNDP PAK 80/009.Google Scholar
Woodman, D. 1969. Himalayan Frontiers: A Political Review of British, Chinese, Indian and Russian Rivalries. London.Google Scholar