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Published online by Cambridge University Press: 28 November 2008
Japanese interest in Hainan stemmed from the desire to emulate the success which they had achieved in Taiwan in an area further south which could offer a full range of tropical products for theuse of the Japanese economy. The naval importance of Hainan was also recognized, because it could dominate the South China Sea from the excellent harbour of San-ya (
Samah) Bay, and there were indications that the island was rich in minerals. The development of official Japanese interest in the island was largely the work of the governor-general's office in Taiwan. Thus in 1918 and 1919 an official from Taiwan called Kaku (
) was sent to Hainan to observe conditions under the title of special sales office head. In the 1920's the Taiwan government sponsored conferences o the South China Japanese consuls to discuss plans for the area, and in 1935 a conference was held production in the tropics, to coordinate research on the economy, production possibilities and culture of the tropical part of China.Meanwhile Chinese government interest in Hainan began to be aroused in the 1930's, culminating in the visit of T.V. Soong, one of the highest ministers of e Kuintang government, in 1936. Thereafter a rail route a west of the island was surveyed but no furthe progress was made. Private businessmen in the 1930's began to develop rubber plantations to join those set up with overseas Chinese capital in the 1910's,and there was a sharp rise in the area planted to sugar in 1936 as the price of sugar rose. Hence when war broke out between China and Japa,the possibilities for the development were just beginning to be explored.1
1 Encyclopaedia Britannica (London 1956 edition), entry on Hainan Vol. 11 p. 81;Google ScholarKiwata, Ide, Minami Shina no sangyō to Keizai (Tokyo 1939) p. 2.Google Scholar
2 Encyclopaedia Britannica Vol. II p. 81.Google Scholar
3 Ch'ing-ch'en, Ch'en, Hai-nan tao yü T'ai-p'ing-yang (Shanghai (1940) pp. 103–104.Google Scholar
4 Shitsu, Senshi, Chūgoku hōmen Kaigun sakusen Vol. 2 (Tokyo 1975) (hereafter Kaigun sakusen II.) pp. 91–2.Google Scholar
5 sakusen, Kaigun II. pp. 93–6;Google Scholar Military History Section, Headquarters, Army Forces Far East, South China Area Operations Record (Tokyo 1956) (hereafter South China Operations) pp. 43–5.Google Scholar
6 sakusen, Kaigun II. pp. 97–8.Google Scholar
7 South China Operations, map on p. 45;Google ScholarEncyclopaedia Britannica Vol. 11 p. 81;Google ScholarChien-liu, Ch'en and Jung-ch'ang, Hsien, Hai-nan chien-shih (Taipei 1967) p. 7, which claims Ch'ing-lan taken on February 18th;Google ScholarLong-hsuen, Hsu and Ming-kai, Chang, History of the Sino-Japanese War (1937–1945) (Taipei 1971) p. 492.Google Scholar
8 Chih, Ch'en, Hai-nan tao tzu-yüan chih k'ai-fa (Shanghai 1948) (hereafter Ch'en Chih) pp. 27–35, 198;Google Scholarsakusen, Kaigun II p. 97;Google Scholarthe Japanese occupied the Spratley Islands south of Hainan on March 30th 1939, but placed them under Kao-hsiung in Taiwan, rather than the closer Hainan (Kaigun sakusen II p. 98).Google Scholar
9 South China Operations p. 101;Google Scholarsakusen, Kaigun II pp. 163–4, 282.Google Scholar
10 sakusen, Kaigun II pp. 373–5, 395.Google Scholar
11 sakusen, Kaigun II p. 439–440.Google Scholar
12 sakusen, Kaigun II pp. 440.Google Scholar
13 sakusen, Kaigun II p. 440.Google Scholar
14 sakusen, Kaigun II p. 464.Google Scholar
15 Chih, Ch'en preface p. 5, text p. 317;Google Scholarsakusen, Kaigun II pp. 494, 497, which states that the term Ching-pei fu was only officially used from April 1st 1941 and that the Navy defined the area under the authority of the Hainan Naval Special Services Unit as Hainan, the Nan-p'eng (
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16 Hai-nan tao cheng-chih ching-chi she-hui wen-hua chi-yao (n.p., n.d. (1946 ?)) p. 123.Google Scholar
17 Boyle, J. H., China and Japan at War 1937–1945 (Stanford 1972) p. 274;Google Scholar the text of the Suga/Ch'en debate is contained in Gendai Shiryō Vol. 13 (Tokyo 1964) pp. 302–15.Google Scholar
18 Pai-chü, Feng and Sheng, Tseng (editors), Kuang-tung jen-min k'ang-Jih yu-chi chan-cheng hui-i (Canton 1951) p. 5.Google Scholar
19 Encyclopaedia Britannica Vol. 11 p. 81;Google ScholarChih, Ch'en pp. 230–1, 237;Google Scholar Naval Intelligence Division, China Proper Vol. 3 (London 1945) (Hereafter NID, China Proper) p. 240; Hai-nan tao cheng-chih ching-chi she-hui wen-hua chi-yao claimed (p. 129) that a round island road and bus route were complete in September 1938.Google Scholar
20 Chih, Ch'en, pp. 211–12 (Ch'en was the Chungking-appointed commissioner of the agricultural and forestry enterprises in Hainan after the war and a life-long advocate of the potential of Hainan); NID, China Proper Vol. 3, p. 507 claimed a railway from Hai-k'ou down the East coast as well as the Yü-lin to Pei-li stretch. This piece of wartime intelligence was in error.Google Scholar
21 Kuang-tung, jen-min … hui-i, pp. 4–5.Google Scholar
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23 Chih, Ch'en, pp. 28–9, 127–8;Google ScholarJen-ts'ai, Liang (tr. Joint Publications Research Services). Economic Geography of Kwangtung (Annapolis, n.d.) p. 93 states that the Japanese were extracting 1.5 million tons a year: this mistakes the potential output planned for the real output achieved;Google Scholar the overall figure of 3 million tons of ore is confirmed by Lung-yü, Wang, Hai-nan (Taipei 1956) p. 30; Hai-nan tao … chi-yao p. 127 says over 17,000 workers were employed in the mines at peak production.Google Scholar
24 Chih, Ch'en pp. 27–8, 31–3, 163–4, 131;Google ScholarSakusen, Kaigun II p. 497.Google Scholar
25 Chih, Ch'en p. 33.Google Scholar
26 Chih, Ch'en pp. 131–2.Google Scholar
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28 jen-min, Kuang-tung … hui-i p. 3;Google ScholarChih, Ch'en pp. 17, 19: Ch'en uses the term ‘yu-kan’ (
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31 Chih, Ch'en pp. 176–7: on p. 53, Ch'en suggests that in pre-war times there was surplus production of fats which were exported but during the war there was a gradual cut-back to self-sufficiency. This is not incompatible with pp. 176–7, but indicates that pre-war exports were unprocessed, whilst Japan's effort went into local self-sufficiency.Google Scholar
32 Chih, Ch'en pp. 22, 186–7.Google Scholar
33 Chih, Ch'en pp. 36, 164–5, 183–4;Google Scholarsakusen, Kaigun II. p. 497;Google ScholarHai-nan tao … chi-yao pp. 128–9;Google ScholarKuang-tung jen-min … hui-i p. 3;Google ScholarChing-chih, Sun (tr. JPRS), Economic geography of South China (Annapolis, n.d.) p. 204 says there were three sugar refineries, each small with less than 200 tons a day capacity: no places are named for these.Google Scholar
34 Chih, Ch'en pp. 191–2.Google Scholar
35 Chih, Ch'en pp. 36, 318.Google Scholar
36 Sakusen, Kaigun II. p. 498.Google Scholar
37 Chih, Ch'en pp. 318–9;Google ScholarHai-nan tao … chi-yao pp. 131–2.Google Scholar
38 Hai-nan tao … chi-yao pp. 124, 129.Google Scholar
39 Kuang-tung jen-min … hui-i pp. 2–6.Google Scholar
40 Catt, and Craven, (eds.), The Army Air Forces in World War II (Chicago 1950) Vol. 4Google Scholarlists attacks on San-ya Bay (May 4th 1943 p. 520), Vol. 5Google Scholarlists attacks on San-ya (21 March 1945)Google Scholarand Yü-lin (31 March, 6 April 1945) (p. 501)Google Scholarand the mining of Hainan's coastal waters (p. 491).Google Scholar