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Islamic Reform and Modernities in South Asia1

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  01 March 2008

FRANCIS ROBINSON
FRANCIS ROBINSON*
Affiliation:
Royal Holloway, University of London Email: [email protected]
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Extract

From the beginning of the Islamic era, Muslim societies have experienced periods of renewal (tajdid). Since the eighteenth century, Muslim societies across the world have been subject to a prolonged and increasingly deeply felt process of renewal. This has been expressed in different ways in different contexts. Amongst political elites with immediate concerns to answer the challenges of the West, it has meant attempts to reshape Islamic knowledge and institutions in the light of Western models, a process described as Islamic modernism. Amongst ‘ulama and sufis, whose social base might lie in urban, commercial or tribal communities, it has meant ‘the reorganisation of communities . . . [or] the reform of individual behavior in terms of fundamental religious principles’, a development known as reformism. These processes have been expressed in movements as different as the Iranian constitutional revolution, the jihads of West Africa, and the great drives to spread reformed Islamic knowledge in India and Indonesia. In the second half of the twentieth century, the process of renewal mutated to develop a new strand, which claimed that revelation had the right to control all human experiences and that state power must be sought to achieve this end. This is known to many as Islamic fundamentalism, but is usually better understood as Islamism. For the majority of Muslims today, Islamic renewal in some shape or other has helped to mould the inner and outer realities of their lives.

Type
Research Article
Information
Modern Asian Studies , Volume 42 , Issue 2-3: Islam in South Asia , March 2008 , pp. 259 - 281
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2008

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References

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7 Haniffa emphasises the indissoluble connection between piety and social action. Farzana Haniffa, ‘Piety as Politics amongst Muslim Women in Contemporary Sri Lanka’, in this volume.

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42 ‘At every turn’, Haniffa records, ‘I was told by members of Al-Muslimaat that they were Muslims by choice as well as by birth’. Farzana Haniffa, ‘Piety as Politics’, pp. 347–375.

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60 Eisenstadt, S. N., ‘Changing a Space: Reflections on India, Literature and Culture.’, in Daedalus, Vol. 129, No. 1, Winter 2000, pp. 1–30Google Scholar; Chaudhuri, Amit, Chaning a Space: Reflections on India, Literature and Culture (Peter Lang, Oxford, UK, forthcoming)Google Scholar.